Elemental Composition of Above and Belowground Mangrove Tissue and Sediment in Managed and Unmanaged Compartments of the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve

Abstract

Mangrove productivity depends on the storage of nutrients and elements. Elemental concentrations were examined in leaves, roots, and sediments for three age stands (15, 25 years, and VJR) of Rhizophora apiculata in the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR). Six compartments with two compartments each for each age group were used to analyze sixteen elements. Four types of elemental patterns were examined with decreasing order during analysis: (1) Cd < Cu < Pb < Zn < Mg < Mn < Fe < K < Na < Ca and P% < S% < N% < C% in leaves, (2) Cd < Pb < Cu < Zn < Mg < Mn < Fe < K < Na < Ca and P% < S% < N% < C% in roots, (3) Cd < Pb < Cu < Zn < Mg < Mn < K < Fe < Na < Ca and P% < N% < S% < C% in sediment samples and (4) Cd(S) < Pb(S) < Cu(S) < Zn(S) < Mg(S) < Mn(L) < K(L) < Fe(S) < Na(R) < Ca(R) and P%(S) < S%(S) < N%(L) < C%(R) collectively for all samples. Evidence that elements do not store primarily in above-ground biomass can be found in the observation that elements are stored more in sediment and roots. The outcome of the present study shows that the rate of increase of elements in trees (leaves and roots) was less as compared to sediments, where the elemental concentration increased considerably with time. Elemental concentration comparison within three age classes showed that C, N, and S were significantly different in all three types of samples. The δ15N ratios showed positive values in all six compartments which supported the concept that the δ15N ratio could not be observed in N concentration in this study. The δ13C values showed more negative values in all six compartments which represented less salinity and a freshwater intake. The S, P, and heavy metals concentrations were high. The concentrations of Cd, P, N, C, and S in the sediment influenced variations in four compartments in accordance with the three mangrove age groups. The results of this study can be utilized to create management plans for MMFR and conduct risk assessments of the elements’ concentration in sediment.

Assessing the Productivity of the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve: Review of One of the Best-Managed Mangrove Forests

“…The MMFR is located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia [38], in the state of Perak (4 • 45 ′ N, 100 • 35 ′ E) [39] (Figure 1). The reserve covers an area of 40,600 ha, with 30% mainland forest and 70% island forest [20,40], extending 51.5 km from Kuala Gula to Bagan Panchor [41].…”

“…The total volume of dryland forests spans 2291 hectares [42]. Since 1902, the State Forestry Department of Perak has been responsibly managing the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR), focusing on sustainable timber production [39]. This forest reserve is categorised into four distinct forest management groups: protective, productive, unproductive, and restrictive productive forests.…”

Environmental risk assessment of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd concentrations accumulated in selected mangrove roots and surrounding their sediment

“…Concentrations of heavy metals that exceed standards can poison the aquatic environment and inhibit the growth and development of mangroves (Rezaei et al 2021). Naturally, mangroves have the ability to store metals, remove them from sediments, and translocate them in roots, stems, and leaves (Thanh-Nho et al 2019;Khan and Aljahdali 2022). Mangroves remove metals through sorption, cation exchange, filtration, and chemical changes through root accumulation processes (Razif and Farhan 2017;Yap and Al-Mutairi 2023).…”