Elemental analysis of soluble and insoluble fractions of rain and surface waters by particle-induced x-ray emission

Tanaka, Shigeru; Darzi, Michael; Winchester, John W.

doi:10.1021/es00085a013

Cited by 32 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It is believed that atmospheric Pb is mainly derived from automobile exhaust in the form of soluble PbBrCl and PbSO 4 . 5 However, in the present study no correlations between Pb and SO 4 2-and Pb and Clare found, and the partitioning of lead is characterised by a high variability.…”

Section: Influence Of Ph On Metals Partitioningcontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…2 Partitioning ratios and availability of metals in the different compartments of the terrestrial or oceanic ecosystem are strongly dependent on the chemical forms of the metals. [3][4] A number of papers have studied metals partitioning in rain 5-10 , snow [10][11] , surface water 5 and in the aqueous extracts of atmospheric particles. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] However, few data are available in literature on cloud water [20][21][22] and fogwater samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partitioning of Metals between the Aqueous Phase and Suspended Insoluble Material in Fog Droplets

et al. 2005

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This paper discusses the partitioning of metals (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn) between the aqueous phase and the suspended insoluble material in fog samples collected in the Po Valley during two extensive fields campaigns. Metals represent on average 11% of the mass of suspended insoluble matter, while the main component is carbon (both organic carbon, OC = 35%, and black carbon, BC = 8%). The unaccounted suspended matter mass is very high, on average 46%, and is attributable to non metallic species, such as O and N and of Si. The principal metals in the insoluble suspended fraction are Fe and Al (2-5%), while the contributions of other metals (Na, Mg, Cu, Pb and Zn) are lower than 1%. Ca and K exhibited high blank values and could not be detected above blank detection limit threshold. The main components in the aqueous phase are NO3- (34%), WSOC (23%), SO4(2-) (18%) and NH4+ (19%), while trace metals and remaining cations and anions accounted for less than 1% of solute mass. The main dissolved trace metals in fog droplets are Zn, Al and Fe, while the main metallic cations are Na and Ca. Fe and Al are the only metals preferentially distributed in the suspended insoluble matter of fog droplets (partitioning ratio respectively 37% and 33%). All other metals are mostly dissolved in the aqueous phase (mean partitioning ratios of Mg, Pb, Zn, Cu and Na are 69%, 70%, 77%, 81% and 87%). These findings are in agreement with literature data on metal speciation in cloud and rain samples. The dependence of partitioning ratios on pH is investigated for the different metals, with only Al showing a clear partitioning ratio decrease with increasing pH. Conversely, the other metals show no dependence or a complex and highly variable behaviour. The partitioning ratio of iron (mean 37%) observed in the Po Valley fog samples is much higher than the water extractable iron in aerosol particles (typically 1-2 %): this fact can be explained by differences in the aerosol sources and composition among sites and by chemical processes in the aqueous phase, such as complexation and redox reactions involving organic ligands (oxalate, or other organic acids as humic-like organic matter) which may promote Fe solubility.

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Section: Influence Of Ph On Metals Partitioningcontrasting

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partitioning of Metals between the Aqueous Phase and Suspended Insoluble Material in Fog Droplets

et al. 2005

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“…Tanaka et al (1981) indicate a very small insoluble fraction ( < 1%) for K + , Na + , Mg 2 + , Ca 2 + and Cl À in a marine site, while following Colin et al (1990), K + can reach 12%. To examine the possible sources (marine, crustal or anthropogenic) of chemical components, the enrichment factor (EF) parameter is usually defined: EFðX Þ ¼ ðX =MeÞ aer =ðX =MeÞ where (X/Me) aer is the weight ratio of any element X with respect to the reference element Me in the aerosol, and (X/Me) is the corresponding ratio in seawater or in the crust.…”

Section: Sources Of Elements Mainly Present In Soluble Formmentioning

confidence: 98%

Chemical characterization of cloud episodes at a ridge site in Tuscan Appennines, Italy

Cini

Prodi

Santachiara

et al. 2002

Atmospheric Research

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Cloudwater samples were collected from November 1992 to March 1995 in Vallombrosa, a mountain site of the Tuscan Apennines (central Italy). Chemical analyses show that all examined inorganic ions contributed significantly to the total ionic content (TIC). The ratio SO 4 2 À /NO 4 À ranged from 0.92 to 3.46 and was > 1 for 86% of samples. There is a wide range in the chemical composition of the cloudwater. The total ionic content ranged from 640 to 7476 Aeq l À 1 and pH from 3.17 to 6.22. The liquid water content (LWC) ranged from 0.06 to 0.94 g m À 3 and electrical conductivity from 47 to 485 AV À 1 . The total ionic content decreases while the liquid water content increases. Also analyzed were soluble trace metals (Fe, Pb, Cu, Mn, Cd, Al), synthetic anionic surfactants and the methanesulphonic acid. Chemical analyses evidenced in some cases a high concentration of organic matter. The meteorological analysis for a few samples of individual passages was carried out for the possibility of establishing a correspondence between meteorological 0169-8095/02/$ -see front matter D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 6 9 -8 0 9 5 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 1 3 9 -9

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“…Moreover, it is well established that Ca species are essentially contained in coarse natural particles (5% b.w. in natural particles) originating from calcium silicates from soils and representing the major source of coarse particles in the atmosphere (Tanaka et al, 1981). However, recent leaching experiments from natural and anthropogenic aerosols show that more than 80% of Ca, K, Ni, Cu, Zn, S and Br are water-soluble species and are associated with anthropogenic sources as fly ashes (Desboeufs et al, 2001(Desboeufs et al, , 2005.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size distributions of fine and ultrafine particles in the city of Strasbourg: Correlation between number of particles and concentrations of NOx and SO2 gases and some soluble ions concentration determination

Roth

Kehrli

Bonnot

et al. 2008

Journal of Environmental Management

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Elemental analysis of soluble and insoluble fractions of rain and surface waters by particle-induced x-ray emission

Cited by 32 publications

References 5 publications

Partitioning of Metals between the Aqueous Phase and Suspended Insoluble Material in Fog Droplets

Partitioning of Metals between the Aqueous Phase and Suspended Insoluble Material in Fog Droplets

Chemical characterization of cloud episodes at a ridge site in Tuscan Appennines, Italy

Size distributions of fine and ultrafine particles in the city of Strasbourg: Correlation between number of particles and concentrations of NOx and SO2 gases and some soluble ions concentration determination

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