Elemental analysis of polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Basin: a study using EDXRF

Puri, S.; Shahi, J.S.; Chand, B.; Garg, M. L.; Singh, Nirmal; Trehan, P.N.; Nath, N.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4539(199803/04)27:2<105::aid-xrs258>3.0.co;2-w

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…This is in agreement with the elements found in previously reported elemental analysis of polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Basin. [60] Also, manganese nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone region were previously found to consist of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Mo. [61] Although such nodules were also found to consist of Co (Kα at 6.9 keV [14] ) at an average composition of 0.23%, such a finding cannot be deduced for the presently reported manganese nodule.…”

Section: Figure 13supporting

confidence: 47%

“…The black smoker was found to consist of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Mo. All were in agreement with previous studies of manganese nodules [60,61] and black smokers. [12,62] The XRF spectra that would be expected to be accumulated from these samples had they been in seawater at distances of 0.5 mm and 1 mm from FIGURE 17 Simulated X-ray fluorescence spectrum of the black smoker sample at 4°C in H 2 O, accounting for the improved full width at half maximum and the higher attenuation of X-ray fluorescence photons in 0.5 mm (red) and 1 mm (black) H 2 O, compared to the obtained X-ray fluorescence spectrum in the laboratory environment (9 cm of air).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Prototype GaAs X‐ray detector and preamplifier electronics for a deep seabed mineral XRF spectrometer

Lioliou

Barnett

2017

X-Ray Spectrometry

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Work towards developing a prototype GaAs based X-ray fluorescence spectrometer focusing on the detector-preamplifier system for in situ characterisation of deep seabed minerals is presented. Such an instrument could be useful for marine geology and provide insight into hydrothermal processes. It would also be beneficial for deep sea mining applications. The GaAs photodiode was electrically characterised at 4°C (ambient seawater temperature) and 33°C. A system energy resolution (full width at half maximum) at 5.9 keV of 580 eV at 4°C, limited by the dielectric noise, broadening to 680 eV at 33°C, was recorded. The spectral performance of the system was characterised across the energy range 4.95 keV to 21.17 keV, at 33°C, using high-purity X-ray fluorescence calibration samples excited by a Mo target X-ray tube. The charge output from the system was found to be linear with incident photon energy. The energy resolution was found to broaden from 695 eV at 4.95 keV to 735 eV at 21.17 keV, attributed to the increasing Fano noise with energy. The same X-ray tube was used to fluoresce an unprepared manganese nodule (revealing the presence of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sr, and Mo) and a black smoker hydrothermal vent sample (containing Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Mo). Such a spectrometer may also find use in future space missions to study the hydrothermal vents that are believed to exist in the oceans of Jupiter's moon Europa. | INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, there has been renewed interest in deep ocean exploration for economic as well as scientific reasons. Economic interest in the seabed is motivated by the availability of valuable minerals in the deep ocean.[1] At present, elemental characterisation of seabed mineral deposits requires samples to be retrieved and transported to either a surface vessel or to shore.[2]The development of instrumentation for in situ elemental analysis (e.g., X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, XRF) in the ocean would revolutionise scientifically motivated and economically motivated surveying and prospecting. A remotely operated vehicle equipped with an XRF spectrometer or neutron activation analysis package has been proposed for this application.[3] For mining, in situ elemental analysis technology may also be used throughout the mine site's life to continually monitor the collection of materials and to ensure that any tailings returned to the seabed are of appropriate composition to minimise impact on the surrounding ecosystem. -----------------------------------This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Section: Figure 13supporting

confidence: 47%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Prototype GaAs X‐ray detector and preamplifier electronics for a deep seabed mineral XRF spectrometer

Lioliou

Barnett

2017

X-Ray Spectrometry

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“…The fundamental parameter approach has been used to deduce elemental concentrations in the residue samples from the observed count rate (Ni) for the characteristic X-ray of ith element. The procedure is detailed elsewhere [5] [6]. The 20 Ca concentrations in the Euphrates river water is about half of the value in Al-Hammar marshes.…”

Section: Experimental Measurements and Evaluation Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental analysis of river, marshes and ground water in Thi Qar region, Iraq

Hashim¹

2018

MJS

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The elemental analysis of the samples collected from marshes water and river water in Thi Qar region of Iraq are done using the X-ray ﬂuorescence technique (XRF). The water samples are collected from Euphrates River, Al- Hammar marshes, ground water and drinking water. The elements observed in various samples are 20Ca, 26Fe, 29Cu, 30Zn, 33As, 35Br and 38Sr. The 20Ca concentration in Euphrates river water constitutes ͂ 2.3% of the left over residue, a value similar to that observed in water from the marshes. The 38Sr concentrations in the Euphrates river water is in the range 2519-5691μg/L. The 38Sr concentrations in Euphrates River are similar to that observed in the marshes water. In Al-Hammar marshes, the concentration of 34As is estimated to be in general below 5 μg/L. The 35Br concentration in various samples collected from Al-Hammar marshes are in the average value =1108 μg/L. The 35Br concentration in various samples collected from Euphrates river are in the average value =676μg/L. The water from Euphrates river is not safe for use for drinking water supply due to high bromine content and the water from the drinking water schemes from the river needs to be monitored for the presence of bromate ions.

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“…[4][5][6] The energydispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis with radioactive sources and synchrotron radiation excitation were used for ferromanganese nodules analysis. [5,7,8] The wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) analysis provides a higher resolution that reduced spectral overlaps and background intensity. These advantages make WDXRF preferable for routine analysis of ferromanganese nodules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X‐ray fluorescence determination of major elements in ferromanganese nodules

2020

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In this article, the X‐ray fluorescence technique is proposed for the quantitative determination of major elements in ferromanganese nodules and crusts, which is a necessary stage of the oceanic ferromanganese deposits investigation and development. The research was performed using a wavelength‐dispersive spectrometer S4 Pioneer (Bruker AXS, Germany). Certified reference materials of ferromanganese nodules, cobalt‐bearing ferromanganese crusts and pelagic sediments were dried and prepared by two different techniques: the pressing of powder samples on a boric acid substrate and the homogenization by fusion with lithium tetraborate in an electric furnace at 1050°C. For each sample preparation technique, different forms of calibration curves (linear or quadratic) and methods of matrix effect correction (fundamental parameters or empirical intensities coefficients) were examined. The uncertainty of the proposed technique was assessed by analyzing the certified reference material FeMn‐1 and by comparison with the atomic absorption spectrometry, flame photometry and spectrophotometry results. Analysis of both fused beads and pressed pellets provides a quantitative determination of the major elements in the oceanic ferromanganese nodules.

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Elemental analysis of polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Basin: a study using EDXRF

Cited by 10 publications

References 1 publication

Prototype GaAs X‐ray detector and preamplifier electronics for a deep seabed mineral XRF spectrometer

Prototype GaAs X‐ray detector and preamplifier electronics for a deep seabed mineral XRF spectrometer

Elemental analysis of river, marshes and ground water in Thi Qar region, Iraq

X‐ray fluorescence determination of major elements in ferromanganese nodules

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