Elemental analysis of PM10 in southwest Mexico City and source apportionment using positive matrix factorization

PM2.5 Characterization and Source Apportionment Using Positive Matrix Factorization at San Luis Potosi City, Mexico, during the Years 2017–2018

“…The second source was associated with Oil Combustion. Majorly composed by S [43] and OC, which is highly marked by OC [47], with a contribution of Ni, Fe, Ca, and Zn [44,48] related to industrial emissions [49] and a possible impact of the brick kiln zone. Additionally, EC was identified in this source.…”

“…Source 4 is considered as vehicular emission-related, containing S, Ni, [46] traced by OC, EC [48,54] and a contribution of other elements (Na, K, Cl, Fe, Cr, and Pb) produced not just by combustion, but also by tires and brakes [22,45,49,[55][56][57]. Also, this source can contain diesel or a fuel combustion mixture due to a nearby car racing circuit in "Parque Tangamanga" and a bus station at the zone.…”

“…5 composition for this northern area of the city of San Luis Potosi showed a strong chemical reactivity and a high toxic composition due to the presence of heavy metals (Pb, As, Zn, and Cu) which have been reported since decades [65], and linked to cancer and non-cancer health risk [2]. Heavy metals concentrations surpassing for other studies carried out in larger cities such as Mexico City [22,49], Monterrey [66],…”

“…Although San Luis Potosí is a growing city of just over 1.2 million inhabitants, the PM2.5 mass concentrations do not frequently exceed the official regulations for this pollutant [37]; the obtained PM2.5 composition for this northern area of the city of San Luis Potosi showed a strong chemical reactivity and a high toxic composition due to the presence of heavy metals (Pb, As, Zn, and Cu) which have been reported since decades [65], and linked to cancer and non-cancer health risk [2]. Heavy metals concentrations surpassing for other studies carried out in larger cities such as Mexico City [22,49], Monterrey [66], Queretaro [64], and Hidalgo [15]. Also, strong chemical reactivity is due to high concentrations of carbonaceous compounds, a high amount of S due to fuel combustion, and a high concentration of Ca due to the soil resuspension towards the city and the main fluorite industry in Mexico produced at Villa de Zaragoza (near 40 km from SLP City), which is widely used in the metal-mechanic, chemical and construction industries.…”

Investigating the Complexities of VOC Sources in Mexico City in the Years 2016–2022

“…Their findings indicate that traffic exhaust is the primary contributor to air pollution (48.8%), followed by fuel combustion and evaporation (30.2%), while secondary aerosol precursors and geogenic sources contribute 11.9% and 9.1%, respectively. While geogenic sources of aerosols have been documented in the region [30], the PMF model indicates that VOCs may also be present in geogenic sources.…”