Elemental analyses of goundwater: demonstrated advantage of low-flow sampling and trace-metal clean techniques over standard techniques

Creasey, C. L.; Flegal, A. Russell

doi:10.1007/s100400050188

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Approximately 45-60 mL was pulled into the syringes; nearly simultaneous sampling was achieved by cocking the syringes in "fill" position with sections of rigid Teflon tubing (Huettel, 1990;Beck, 2007). Sample collection rates were ∼ 50 mL min − 1 , well below the 100 mL min − 1 maximum apparently allowable for obtaining good trace metal samples (Creasey and Flegal, 1999;Sañudo-Wilhelmy et al, 2002).…”

Section: Porewater Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The distribution and speciation of dissolved trace metals in a shallow subterranean estuary

2010

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Section: Porewater Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The distribution and speciation of dissolved trace metals in a shallow subterranean estuary

2010

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“…In illustration, Chen et al (2007a) recently reported that dissolved lead concentrations of 55 samples of groundwater in Shenzhen ranged from nondetected levels (<0.1 μg/L) to 62.84 μg/L, which is 4,000-fold higher than Creasey and Flegal (1999) observed in contaminated groundwater beneath a metal plating factory (0.015 ± 0.0016 μg/L) and 12,000-fold higher than they found in adjacent, urban groundwater (0.0051 ± 0.0016 μg/L). Therefore, many recent measurements of dissolved lead concentrations in China, which were reportedly made with trace metal clean techniques, are still suspect.…”

Section: Surface Water Transportmentioning

confidence: 95%

All the Lead in China

Flegal

Gallon

Ganguli

et al. 2013

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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Lead contamination in China has been extensively documented by scientists in China and elsewhere over the past two decades, as summarized in this review of articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Sources of that contamination include (a) deposits from previous emissions of leaded gasoline, which was finally eliminated in the past decade; (b) previous and continuing emissions from fossil fuel combustion, which are increasing markedly with the rapid industrialization of China; (c) previous and continuing emissions from other industrial activities, including mining, smelting and municipal waste incineration; and (d) previous and continuing additions of contaminated fertilizers, sewage, and untreated wastewater to agricultural fields. Lead concentrations of some Chinese agricultural produce are also elevated by acid rain and acidic fertilizers, which increase the solubility and bioavailability of both natural and contaminant lead in soil. In addition, some Chinese products are contaminated with lead during their production, processing, packaging, and transport. As a consequence of the long-range transport of industrial lead emissions from China and the global market for its products, the problem of lead pollution in China is a global problem.

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“…sampling with a flow rate often <1 L/min, in order to minimize drawdown (<0.1 m) until stabilisation of field parameters (Puls & Barcelona, 1995;Creasey & Flegal, 1999). According to Wilson (1995), the water sample is representative of the ambient groundwater when variations in temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH do not exceed, respectively, ±0.5°C, ±10 μS/cm, ±0.2 mg/L O 2 and ±0.1 pH unit.…”

Section: Low-flow Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of a chalk aquifer: advantages and limits of diffusion samplers and low-flow sampling techniques

Barrez¹,

Mania²,

Mansy³

et al. 2007

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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In order to estimate the vertical contaminant distributions in a chalk aquifer, two sampling techniques are used in the piezometers. The first is passive multi-level sampling, using dialysis membrane diffusion samplers. The second is the low-flow purging technique. Geochemical groundwater zones are also established by profiles of temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH and redox potential. These sampling techniques enhance three-dimensional visualization of the chemical and physical parameters in the chalk aquifer. Except for the cases where there are large variations in the concentrations, these two methods provide approximately the same results. But these techniques should not be applied with the same aim. Dialysis membrane diffusion samplers preserve the weak chemical variations of an aquifer, but lead to mistakes in determining iron concentrations. Conversely, the lowflow rate technique preserves the iron concentration, but the depth resolution is weaker (on a scale much greater than 1 m) because pumping produces a mix of flow horizons.Key words chalk aquifer; groundwater sampling; dialysis membrane; hydrochemical stratification; low-flow sampling Investigations d'un aquifère de craie: avantages et limites des techniques d'échantillonnage bas débit et à base de cellules de dialyseRésumé Pour estimer les distributions verticales des contaminants dans un aquifère de craie, deux techniques d'échantillonnage en piézomètres sont utilisées. La première est un échantillonnage multiniveau passif, qui utilise les membranes de dialyse. La deuxième est la technique de purge bas débit. Les zonations hydro-géochimiques sont aussi établies par des profils de température, conductivité, oxygène dissous, pH et potentiel rédox. Ces techniques d'échantillonnage permettent d'améliorer la visualisation tri-dimensionnelle des paramètres chimiques et physiques de l'aquifère de craie. A l'exception des cas où de fortes variations de concentration existent, ces deux méthodes fournissent des résultats sensiblement équivalents. Mais ces techniques ne devraient pas être utilisées avec les mêmes objectifs. L'échantillonnage par dialyse permet de décrire les faibles variations chimiques d'un aquifère, mais conduit à des erreurs de mesure pour la concentration du fer. Inversement, la technique bas débit permet une mesure représentative du fer, mais le pompage provoque un mélange des horizons d'écoulement si bien que la précision des mesures suivant la profondeur est plus faible (à l'échelle de quelques mètres).

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Elemental analyses of goundwater: demonstrated advantage of low-flow sampling and trace-metal clean techniques over standard techniques

Cited by 19 publications

References 22 publications

The distribution and speciation of dissolved trace metals in a shallow subterranean estuary

The distribution and speciation of dissolved trace metals in a shallow subterranean estuary

All the Lead in China

Investigation of a chalk aquifer: advantages and limits of diffusion samplers and low-flow sampling techniques

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