Elemental abundances in Green River oil shale

Cook, Edward Werner

doi:10.1016/0009-2541(73)90103-4

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In these calculations (table 5), wholerock trace-element contents were determined by assuming that all of each trace element is in the pyrite; the percentage of pyrite in the rock was determined from XRD analysis. The theoretical whole-rock contents were then compared (table 5) with the analytical data and a compilation of literature data from Cook (1973), Desborough and others (1976), Giaugue and others (1981), and Meddaugh and Salotti (1983).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical, biogeochemical, and sedimentological studies of the Green River Formation, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado

Tuttle¹

1991

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical, biogeochemical, and sedimentological studies of the Green River Formation, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado

Tuttle¹

1991

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“…Antimony.--The values for antimony given in table 8 exhibit a range of <l-6 ppm. The values from the C-a tract and from Cook (1973) may be low, and Desborough and others (1976) suggest that some Sb may be volatilized during pyrolysis. An expected concentration on the order of 1 ppm antimony might be a reasonable average for raw oil shale.…”

Section: Trace Elementsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Geochemical survey of the western energy regions (formerly Geochemical survey of the western coal regions), third annual progress report, July 1976

1976

Open-File Report

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No data as yet) MOLYBDENUM IN SWEETCLOVER GROWING ON MINE SPOILS by James A. Erdman and Richard J. Ebens The total molybdenum in soil where cattle have been known to be affected is not high, ranging from 1.5-10 ppm in the study described by Barshad (1948). In alkaline soils, however, a large percentage of this element may be soluble in water. Barshad (1948) stated, "Growing plants, particularly legumes, are able to absorb amounts of molybdenum harmful to cattle from soils that contain as little as 1.5-5.0 ppm total Mo." The proportion of copper to molybdenum in the forage is considered to be more critical than the total amount of molybdenum in either the soil or plants. Copper-to-molybdenum ratios of about 5:1 or less in winter herbage from the British Isles have caused swayback in lambs and hypocuprosis in cattle (Alloway, 1973). A copper-to-molybdenum ratio of about 7:1 is apparently optimum for cattle, according to the University of Missouri's veterinary toxicologist, A. A. Case (written communication, 1974). Similar ratios were cited by Alloway (1973) for control farms. Clearly, where legumes are a substantial part of the pasturage in molybdic and alkaline soils, certain types of livestock can be severely affected. Concern over the possible incidence of molybdenum-induced imbalances in animals grazing in regions associated with coal utilization is not new, although more information seems to be available on the effects of fly ash on the content of forage than on the effects of coalmine spoils (Furr and others, 1975; Gutenmann and others, 1976). The only documented case of molybdenosis in cattle from the western coal regions is the report by Christianson and Jacobson (undated), which describes an area where uraniferous lignite was burned in rotary kilns in order to concentrate the uranium, and the molybdenum in the ash contaminated the surrounding pasturage. The most recent interest in molybdenum-related nutritional problems was expressed by Martens and Beahm (1976) who cautioned, "Molybdenum availability of some fly ashes is sufficiently high that levels in plants grown on fly-ash soil mixtures can be hazardous to grazing animals." There are reasons for our interest in sweetclover and its molybdenumaccumulating potential other than its abundance and widespread occurrence on the coalmine spoils that we studied. Legumes are recommended in seed mixes for reclamation because of their nitrogen-fixing capabilities, and sweetclover, in particular, is considered one of the more suitable plant species for spoil bank stabilization. Finally, the forage value of sweetclover rates very high. According to A. A. Case (written communication, 1975), "Sweetclover is a wholesome and very nutritious legume, ranking along with other clovers in its nutritional value, perhaps just less than alfalfa, which is considered the 'queen' of legumes for forages and hay purposes." Although under most circumstances, sweetclover is not considered a toxic plant, Case does warn of changes that can occur where it grows in altered environments. I/...

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“…The area of the oil shale and associated sodium minerals marks a chemical depocenter of Lake Uinta during Green River time, which is younger than nahcolite-bearing oil-shale deposits in the Piceance Creek basin in Colorado and older than another saline sequence of lacustrine rocks at the base of the Uinta Formation near Duchesne, Utah. Cook (1973) and Vine and Tourtelot (1969) have noted that the amounts of many of the trace elements found in oil shale from the Green River Formation are less than would be expected for an organic-rich sedimentary rock. On the other hand, a few elements, including lithium, beryllium, and fluorine, show a twofold to tenfold increase over crustal abundance.…”

Section: Stratigraphic Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This could explain why copper and zinc are found in quantities less than anticipated in the oil shale. For example, zinc in the whole-rock fraction of the 17 samples listed in table 1 ranges from 32 to 121 ppm (table 4), a threefold to ninefold increase in abundance over that of pyrolyzed Green River oil shale analyzed by Cook (1973). If smectite served as a chemical trap for selected metals, perhaps such elements could be concentrated in economic amounts.…”

Section: Stratigraphic Mineralogymentioning

confidence: 99%

Trioctahedral smectite in the Green River Formation, Duchesne County, Utah

Dyni¹

1973

Open-File Report

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Abundant trioctahedral smectite of probable authigenic origin and smaller amounts of discrete illite comprise a simple assemblage of clay minerals in a basin-edge sequence of lacustrine claystones and oil shales in the Eocene Green River Formation, southwest Uinta Basin, Duchesne County, Utah. Small amounts of chlorite and mixed-layer clay are present in a few samples; kaolinite is absent. The smectite is well crystallized and has a high expandable-layer content. Chemical analysis of partly purified material suggests an iron-bearing hectorite which contains notable quantities of zinc (740 ppm (parts per million)) , lithium (670 ppm), copper (175 ppm), and fluorine (0 .85 percent). No significant differences were noted in the clay-mineral content of the claystones and oil shales. However, of the associated carbonate minerals, calcite predominates in the oil shales, whereas dolomite strongly predominates in the claystones. This relationship suggests that the interstitial waters of the claystones during deposition and (or) lithification were more saline than those of the oil shales. The trioctahedral smectite evidently formed in a magnesium-rich lacustrine environment and appears to be part of a basin edge-to-center series of clay mineral facies-mixed detrital clay minerals to smectite to illite.

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Elemental abundances in Green River oil shale

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Geochemical, biogeochemical, and sedimentological studies of the Green River Formation, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado

Geochemical, biogeochemical, and sedimentological studies of the Green River Formation, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado

Geochemical survey of the western energy regions (formerly Geochemical survey of the western coal regions), third annual progress report, July 1976

Trioctahedral smectite in the Green River Formation, Duchesne County, Utah

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