Element flux to the environment of the passively degassing crater lake-hosting Kawah Ijen volcano, Indonesia, and implications for estimates of the global volcanic flux

Hinsberg, Vincent J. van; Vigouroux, N.; Palmer, Stephanie C.; Berlo, Kim; Mauri, Guillaume; Williams‐Jones, Anthony E.; McKenzie, Jeffrey M.; Williams‐Jones, Glyn; Fischer, Tobias P.

doi:10.1144/sp437.2

Cited by 31 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…However, the magnitude and direction of the change in fluid composition also depends on whether a given element is more abundant in the rock, or in the fluid the rock is interacting with. In the case of our experiments, this effect is not as pronounced as might be expected given that the lake derives its cation composition predominantly from alteration of igneous rocks of similar composition to the andesite used here [18,21]. As a result, many of the elements are present at a constant ratio between andesite and fluid (Table 2, Figure 5b), which represents the apparent water-rock ratio of the lake water [18].…”

Section: Compositional Changesmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…The volcano has emitted a variety of magmatic to phreatic deposits, including basaltic to dacitic lava flows and fall deposits, and pyroclastic flow and lahar deposits [13][14][15][16][17]. A 27 Mm 3 lake of hyperacidic (pH ≈ 0), warm (>35 • C), concentrated fluid (~100 g kg −1 TDS, 22 g kg −1 Cl, 64 g kg −1 SO 4 ) occupies the volcano's summit crater [17][18][19][20][21][22]. The volcano last erupted in 1817 in a phreato-magmatic event, with more recent activity limited to phreatic and steam explosions, and passive degassing from a fumarolic zone on the eastern lake shore [13,[23][24][25][26].…”

Section: The Kawah Ijen-banyu Pahit Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Investigation of Interaction between Andesite and Hyperacidic Volcanic Lake Water

2020

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Alteration in magmatic-hydrothermal systems leads to distinct changes in rock texture and mineralogy, and a strong redistribution of elements between fluid and rock. Here, we experimentally interacted andesite scoria with hyperacidic, high-sulfidation style fluids from Kawah Ijen volcano (Indonesia) at 25 and 100 °C, seeking to reproduce the textures observed in natural samples from this volcano, and to understand the element fluxes that accompany alteration. The susceptibility to alteration in the experiments is Cu–Fe-sulphide > calcic plagioclase > pyroxene > titano-magnetite > sodic plagioclase, with complete preservation of glass. Silicate minerals alter to opaline silica, and gypsum, barite and a Zr-phase precipitate. The selective alteration of the phenocryst minerals results in a preferential release of compatible elements, as the glass is the main incompatible element host. The experiments reproduce the alteration textures of the natural samples, including the preservation of glass, but the predicted compatible over incompatible element enrichment in the alteration element flux is not observed in the natural setting. This suggests that alteration at Kawah Ijen is dominated by lithologies that lack abundant glass, in particular lava flows where the glass has devitrified, despite these lava flows having a lower surface area compared to scoria.

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Section: Compositional Changesmentioning

confidence: 44%

Section: The Kawah Ijen-banyu Pahit Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Investigation of Interaction between Andesite and Hyperacidic Volcanic Lake Water

2020

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“…Local hot springs plot along the meteoric water line at δD of −50 ± 5‰. Crater lake waters sampled at the surface have signatures consistent with warm evaporation of local rain to raise δD to ∼0 and positive values of δ 18 O. Fumarole samples are intermediate between arc volatiles, the crater lake and local meteoric water (data from Delmelle et al, 2000, andvan Hinsberg et al, 2015). The Ijen pumice (whole rock: labeled PUM in Figure 12) is similar to estimated silicic magma compositions, but slightly lower in δD, consistent with degassing of D-rich magmatic water (Dobson et al, 1989).…”

Section: Stable Isotope and Tcea Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Box for the Kawah Ijen crater lake and regional springs from Delmelle et al (2000). Kawah Ijen fumaroles from Delmelle et al (2000) and van Hinsberg et al (2015). Boxes for magmatic water and arc volatiles from Hedenquist and Lowenstern (1994).…”

Section: Orp Within Low-silica Dacite Pumice Lumpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opal-A in Glassy Pumice, Acid Alteration, and the 1817 Phreatomagmatic Eruption at Kawah Ijen (Java), Indonesia

et al. 2018

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At Kawah Ijen (Indonesia), vigorous SO 2 and HCl degassing sustains a hyperacid lake (pH ∼0) and intensely alters the subsurface, producing widespread residual silica and advanced argillic alteration products. In 1817, a VEI 2 phreatomagmatic eruption evacuated the lake, depositing a widespread layer of muddy ash fall, and sending lahars down river drainages. We discovered multiple types of opaline silica in juvenile low-silica dacite pumice and in particles within co-erupted laharic sediments. Most spectacular are opal-replaced phenocrysts of plagioclase and pyroxene adjacent to pristine matrix glass and melt inclusions. Opal-bearing pumice has been found at numerous sites, including where post-eruption infiltration of acid water is unlikely. Through detailed analyses of an initial sampling of 1817 eruption products, we find evidence for multiple origins of opaline materials in pumice and laharic sediments. Evidently, magma encountered acid-altered materials in the subsurface and triggered phreatomagmatic eruptions. Syn-eruptive incorporation of opal-alunite clasts, layered opal, and fragment-filled vesicles of opal and glass, all suggest magma-rock interactions in concert with vesiculation, followed by cooling within minutes. Our experiments at magmatic temperature confirm that the opaline materials would show noticeable degradation in time periods longer than a few tens of minutes. Some glassy laharic sedimentary grains are more andesitic than the main pumice type and may represent older volcanic materials that were altered beneath the lake bottom and were forcefully ejected during the 1817 eruption. A post-eruptive origin remains likely for most of the opal-replaced phenocrysts in pumice. Experiments at 25 • C and 100 • C reveal that when fresh pumice is bathed in Kawah Ijen hyperacid fluid for 6 weeks, plagioclase is replaced without altering either matrix glass or melt inclusions. Moreover, lack of evidence for high-temperature annealing of the opal suggests that post-eruption alteration of pumice is more likely than pre-eruption envelopment of Lowenstern et al. Opal in Glassy Pumice euhedral opal-replaced phenocrysts in dacitic melt. At Ijen and elsewhere, the ascent of magma into hydrous acid-altered mineral assemblages (e.g., opal, kaolinite, alunite) could induce rapid dehydration of hydrous minerals and amorphous materials, generating considerable steam and contributing to magmatic-hydrothermal and phreatomagmatic explosions.

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“…Vapour is particularly common in magmatic environments, and can be sampled directly at fumaroles and volcanic plumes. Compared to the source magma, vapours can be strongly enriched in metals (e.g., Allard et al, 2000;Williams-Jones and Heinrich, 2005;van Hinsberg et al, 2016), and metal mobility in shallow magmatic conduits is well-established (e.g., Berlo et al, 2013;Plail et al, 2014). Although evidence for high metal solubility in vapour inclusions in rocks is debated (Lerchbaumer and Audétat, 2012), experiments reproduce these high solubilities , thereby conclusively confirming that vapours are capable of transporting metals in high concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

CO2-fluxing collapses metal mobility in magmatic vapour

Hinsberg¹,

Berlo²,

Migdisov³

et al. 2016

Geochem. Persp. Let.

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doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1617Magmatic systems host many types of ore deposits, including world-class deposits of copper and gold. Magmas are commonly an important source of metals and ore-forming fluids in these systems. In many magmatic-hydrothermal systems, low-density aqueous fluids, or vapours, are significant metal carriers. Such vapours are water-dominated shallowly, but fluxing of CO 2 -rich vapour exsolved from deeper magma is now recognised as ubiquitous during open-system magma degassing. Here, we show that such CO 2 -fluxing leads to a sharp drop in element solubility, up to a factor of 10,000 for Cu, and thereby provides a highly efficient, but as yet unrecognised mechanism for metal deposition.

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Element flux to the environment of the passively degassing crater lake-hosting Kawah Ijen volcano, Indonesia, and implications for estimates of the global volcanic flux

Cited by 31 publications

References 44 publications

An Experimental Investigation of Interaction between Andesite and Hyperacidic Volcanic Lake Water

An Experimental Investigation of Interaction between Andesite and Hyperacidic Volcanic Lake Water

Opal-A in Glassy Pumice, Acid Alteration, and the 1817 Phreatomagmatic Eruption at Kawah Ijen (Java), Indonesia

CO2-fluxing collapses metal mobility in magmatic vapour

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