Electrothermal vaporization, part 2: surface chemistry

Investigation of interference mechanism of cobalt chloride on the determination of bismuth by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

“…On the other hand, when CoCl 2 was pyrolyzed at 600 8C or above before bismuth was pipetted top of it, interferences were gradually reduced. At elevated temperatures, CoCl 2 is partly converted to a non-interfering form but the rest remains in the tube in an interfering form, probably anhydrous CoCl 2 as proposed by Majidi et al [19].…”

“…The condensed phase and gas-phase species formed in the pyrolysis and atomization steps in graphite furnace have been investigated by means of other instrumental techniques. For this purpose, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) [16], Xray diffraction spectrometry (XRD) [17], thermogravimetric analysis (TG) [18,19] were used as off-line, i.e. species formed during the pyrolysis step or atomization step were investigated after the heating program was stopped and graphite furnace was cooled, whereas electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) [20] and mass-spectrometry-atomic absorption spectrometry (MS-AAS) [21] combined systems were used for on-line detection of gas-phase species in graphite furnace.…”

Element Determination in Pharmaceuticals Using Direct Solid Analysis-Electrothermal Vaporization Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

“…In this way, the diffusion of metals on graphite wall and oxidation of graphite is reduced. 27 The graphite tubes are longitudinally heated and the temperature range on the ETV system can be varied from room temperature up to 3000 °C. The carrier, modifier and bypass-gas flow rates were adjusted as necessary.…”

Investigation of interference mechanisms of nickel chloride on copper determination and of colloidal palladium as modifier in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using a dual cavity platform

“…One of the explanations for that might be that, according to Majidi and colleagues [17,18], NiCl 2 is not completely converted to NiO by the thermal hydrolysis but might in part be present as anhydrous chloride, which however is not in agreement with the findings of Mishra and Kanungo [16]. The more likely explanation is that probably all the copper is present as the chloride after the drying stage, when mixed with a large excess of nickel chloride, and CuCl 2 has a melting point of 620 -C [15] and might hence be lost at pyrolysis temperatures higher than 600 -C. This partial loss of CuCl 2 in the pyrolysis stage could also explain the increase in interference at 800 -C, when copper and nickel were in separate cavities.…”