Electrothermal Vaporization — Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS): A Valuable Tool for Direct Multielement Determination in Solid Samples

Investigation of aging processes of graphite tubes modified with iridium and rhodium used for atomic spectrometry

“…Interestingly, the vaporizations of NaCl, MgCl 2 , and PbSO 4 are not affected by the presence of electrodeposited Rh or Ir, meaning that no significant difference in recorded spectra was observed. This was not the case for Cu(NO 3 ) 2 , Al(NO 3 ) 3 , and MnSO 4 , as significant differences in spectra and vaporization efficiency between unmodified and modified tubes were observed. Therefore, the behavior of those salts is discussed in detail below.…”

“…The graphite tube is not only used as an atomizer for atomic absorption measurements, but also serves as a vaporizer for atomic emission and mass spectrometry, when connected with inductively coupled plasma [1][2][3]. Identifying the species evolved during the vaporization is important for optimizing the experimental conditions of a graphite furnace time/temperature program, as well as for evaluating the transport efficiency of the analyte and matrix compounds from the furnace into the plasma [4,5].…”

Quantitation of Trace Metals in Liquid Samples by Dried-Droplet Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

“…This approach has many features in common with electrothermal vaporization (ETV), a powerful sample introduction system for ICPMS applicable to both liquids and solids. [25][26][27] Despite different energy sources used for the initial vaporization of analytes and sample matrix, the remaining processes for the transport of vaporized species and analysis by ICPMS are the same in both techniques, as they both require a matrix salt modifier to enhance transport efficiency of analytes to the ICP. 28,29 ETV-ICPMS offers many advantages for direct analysis of liquid samples, but throughput is limited by the time needed to run the temperature program for drying, pyrolysis, and vaporization cycles.…”

Polymer monolith microextraction combined with electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace Cd, Tl, and Pb in human serum and urine

“…Electrothermal vaporization (ETV), 23,24 as a sample introduction technique for ICP-MS, has the following outstanding advantages: (1) very high transport efficiency ($80%); (2) vaporization and excitation/ionization processes are separated;…”

“…Therefore, it has consistently received considerable attention in atomic/mass spectrometry. 23,24 In spite of these notable advantages, in some environmental and biological samples with complex matrix, the level of the heavy metal ions is fairly low and the major constituents can cause matrix effects and spectral interference. In order to circumvent the above problems, the utilization of chemical modifier or the use of efficient separation/preconcentration has been proven to be very effective for ETV-ICP-MS.…”