Electrothermal model of kinetic inductance detectors

Thomas, Christopher N.; Withington, S.; Goldie, D. J.

doi:10.1088/0953-2048/28/4/045012

Cited by 13 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…The bistability in our detector arises from the fact that the amount of power absorbed from the electrical probe signal used for readout depends on the measured electron temperature itself. Previously, such electrothermal feedback and the associated bifurcation has been studied in the context of kinetic inductance detectors [44][45][46][47]. Analogous thermal effects in optics are also known [48,49].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Zeptojoule Microwave Pulses Using Electrothermal Feedback in Proximity-Induced Josephson Junctions

et al. 2016

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We experimentally investigate and utilize electrothermal feedback in a microwave nanobolometer based on a normal-metal (Au_{x}Pd_{1-x}) nanowire with proximity-induced superconductivity. The feedback couples the temperature and the electrical degrees of freedom in the nanowire, which both absorbs the incoming microwave radiation, and transduces the temperature change into a radio-frequency electrical signal. We tune the feedback in situ and access both positive and negative feedback regimes with rich nonlinear dynamics. In particular, strong positive feedback leads to the emergence of two metastable electron temperature states in the millikelvin range. We use these states for efficient threshold detection of coherent 8.4 GHz microwave pulses containing approximately 200 photons on average, corresponding to 1.1×10^{-21} J≈7.0 meV of energy.

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Zeptojoule Microwave Pulses Using Electrothermal Feedback in Proximity-Induced Josephson Junctions

et al. 2016

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“…32,33 In our case, for P lw lower than À77 dBm, s qp is almost constant around 220 ls because the power absorbed from the optical pulses is higher than the one absorbed from the microwave. At higher power, likely for the presence of an electrothermal feedback, 34 the pulse trailing and leading edges follow different trajectories in the IQ plane (Fig. 5), and the pulse decay time can be no longer interpreted as s qp .…”

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confidence: 99%

High sensitivity phonon-mediated kinetic inductance detector with combined amplitude and phase read-out

Cardani

Casali

Colantoni

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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Developing wide-area cryogenic light detectors with baseline resolution better than 20 eV is one of the priorities of next generation bolometric experiments searching for rare interactions, as the simultaneous read-out of the light and heat signals enables background suppression through particle identification. Among the proposed technological approaches for the phonon sensor, the naturally-multiplexed Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) stand out for their excellent intrinsic energy resolution and reproducibility. The potential of this technique was proved by the CALDER project, that reached a baseline resolution of 154 ± 7 eV RMS by sampling a 2×2 cm 2 Silicon substrate with 4 Aluminum KIDs. In this paper we present a prototype of Aluminum KID with improved geometry and quality factor. The design improvement, as well as the combined analysis of amplitude and phase signals, allowed to reach a baseline resolution of 82 ± 4 eV by sampling the same substrate with a single Aluminum KID.

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“…We also ignore any cable loss or change to the signal from the mixer or filtering (R I , R Q , R 0 = 1 from Ref. 14).…”

Section: Modelled Device Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, detailed calculations of quasiparticle-photon and quasiparticle-phonon interactions in superconductors 11,12 have shown the quasiparticle-phonon power flow in a superconductor has a significantly different functional form to the normal state electron-phonon power flow expressions typically used, and also changes with readout power, frequency, and bandwidth. 13 Incorporating these findings in a higher level device model, Thomas et al 14 described a extensible framework which combines quasiparticle heating with the electrical behaviour of the res-onator and allows calculation of experimentally relevant measurements. In this work, we explore numerically the implications of the theoretical model for a typical device configuration: an Al thin film resonator with resonant frequency 5 GHz at a bath temperature of 0.1 T c = 0.118 K, where T c is the superconducting critical temperature of Al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrothermal feedback in kinetic inductance detectors

Guruswamy

Thomas

Withington

et al. 2017

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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In Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) and other similar applications of superconducting microresonators, both the large and small-signal behaviour of the device may be affected by electrothermal feedback. Microwave power applied to read out the device is absorbed by and heats the superconductor quasiparticles, changing the superconductor conductivity and hence the readout power absorbed in a positive or negative feedback loop. In this work, we explore numerically the implications of an extensible theoretical model of a generic superconducting microresonator device for a typical KID, incorporating recent work on the power flow between superconductor quasiparticles and phonons. This model calculates the large-signal (changes in operating point) and small-signal behaviour of a device, allowing us to determine the effect of electrothermal feedback on device responsivity and noise characteristics under various operating conditions. We also investigate how thermally isolating the device from the bath, for example by designing the device on a membrane only connected to the bulk substrate by thin legs, affects device performance. We find that at a typical device operating point, positive electrothermal feedback reduces the effective thermal conductance from the superconductor quasiparticles to the bath, and so increases responsivity to signal (pair-breaking) power, increases noise from temperature fluctuations, and decreases the Noise Equivalent Power (NEP). Similarly, increasing the thermal isolation of the device while keeping the quasiparticle temperature constant decreases the NEP, but also decreases the device response bandwidth.

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Electrothermal model of kinetic inductance detectors

Cited by 13 publications

References 39 publications

Detection of Zeptojoule Microwave Pulses Using Electrothermal Feedback in Proximity-Induced Josephson Junctions

Detection of Zeptojoule Microwave Pulses Using Electrothermal Feedback in Proximity-Induced Josephson Junctions

High sensitivity phonon-mediated kinetic inductance detector with combined amplitude and phase read-out

Electrothermal feedback in kinetic inductance detectors

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