Electrosynthesized non-conducting polymers as permselective membranes in amperometric enzyme electrodes: a glucose biosensor based on a co-crosslinked glucose oxidase/overoxidized polypyrrole bilayer

Surface Modification Approaches for Electrochemical Biosensors

“…These agents include glutaraldehyde (GA) (via NH 2 -bond) (Guerrieri et al, 1998), 1-ethyl-3-(3-diamino)propyl-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS) (via -COOH bond) (Limbut et al, 2006), and 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (MPS) (via -SR -bond and electrostatic forces) (Miscoria et al, 2006). Increased amperometric sensitivity has been reported for biosensors when cross-linking agents are used for enzyme immobilization (Guerrieri et al, 1998;Miscoria et al, 2006). Some agents such as GA (McLamore et al, 2010b) and thiol linker [dithiobis (succinimidyl undecanoate)] (Claussen et al, 2009) can directly link enzymes to the electrode surface with no polymer layer involved, providing alternatives to polymer immobilization.…”

Functionalised zinc oxide nanotube arrays as electrochemical sensors for the selective determination of glucose

“…Several artificial redox mediators have been investigated as electron acceptors to solve these problems [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Additionally, the sensor electrodes have been modified to enhance the performance of amperometric glucose biosensors [14][15][16][17][18]. The interferences mentioned above are avoided in thermometric biosensors such as enzyme thermistor [19].…”

Electrochemically Induced Free‐Radical Polymerization for the Fabrication of Amperometric Glucose Biosensors

“…While amperometric glucose biosensors have been fabricated by electropolymerization approaches, such as electrochemical oxidative radical polymerization [11][12][13][14][15], electrochemical pH-regulated polycondensation or precipitation [16,17], electrochemical coordinated crosslinking [18], and electrodeposition with glucose oxidase [19], the performance of a biosensor is strongly related to the possibility of maintaining the incorporated enzyme at its highly active states [3,12]. Many enzymes are incompatible with certain polymeric matrix or are affected by the chemical environment generated at the electrode surface during the electropolymerization step [11].…”

“…Many enzymes are incompatible with certain polymeric matrix or are affected by the chemical environment generated at the electrode surface during the electropolymerization step [11]. For example, approximately 80 % of glucose oxidase became inactivated in the electrochemical oxidative radical polymerization process of o-phenylenediamine because the highly reactive radical cations might attack the protein molecules [20].…”