“…However, unlike piezoelectric materials, the relationship between electric fields and elastic strains in electrostrictive materials, such as lead magnesium niobate (PMN), is nonlinear with no hysteresis, even if the applied electric field is relatively low (Newnham, 1991;Damjanovic and Newnham, 1992). Electrostrictive transducers have already been used in a number of applications, including ultrasonic motors (Uchino, 1986), medical probes (Takeuchi et al, 1989), adaptive optical systems (Galvagni, 1990), underwater transducers (Rittenmyer, 1994), and more recently micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS); see Uchino (1997) for a detailed discussion.…”