Electrostatic layer-by-layer construction of fibrous TMV biofilms

Abstract

As nature's choice in designing complex architectures, the bottom-up assembly of nanoscale building blocks offers unique solutions in achieving more complex and smaller morphologies with wide-ranging applications in medicine, energy, and materials science as compared to top-down manufacturing. In this work, we employ charged tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-wt and TMV-lys) nanoparticles in constructing multilayered fibrous networks via electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition. In neutral aqueous media, TMV-wt assumes an anionic surface charge. TMV-wt was paired with a genetically engineered TMV-lys variant that displays a corona of lysine side chains on its solvent-exposed surface. The electrostatic interaction between TMV-wt and TMV-lys nanoparticles became the driving force in the highly controlled buildup of the multilayer TMV constructs. Since the resulting morphology closely resembles the 3-dimensional fibrous network of an extracellular matrix (ECM), the capability of the TMV assemblies to support the adhesion of NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells was investigated, demonstrating potential utility in regenerative medicine. Lastly, the layer-by-layer deposition was extended to release the TMV scaffolds as free-standing biomembranes. To demonstrate potential application in drug delivery or vaccine technology, cargo-functionalized TMV biofilms were programmed.

Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy

“…537 Toward free-standing films, we have recently demonstrated the development of detachable mesoporous films, using a combination of nanosphere lithography and electrodeposition to form nanopatterned, conducting virus–polymer arrays ( Figure 23 ). 538 To accomplish this, a hexagonally close-packed array of polystyrene (PS) latex microspheres was created using colloidal or nanosphere lithography, yielding a mesoporous architecture. A conducting poly(pyrrole-co-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid) film was then electrochemically polymerized in the interstitial voids between the PS beads by cyclic voltammetry.…”

Facile Fabrication of Highly Dispersed Pd@Ag Core–Shell Nanoparticles Embedded in Spirulina platensis by Electroless Deposition and Their Catalytic Properties

“…Among these researches, microbial biotemplates (e.g., Diatom , Spirulina platensis ( Sp . ),] Chlorella sp ., Yeast , Virus , Bacillus ,] Pichia pastoris , and Escherichia coli ) stand out because of their unique features, such as exquisite natural morphology, abundant species, low cost, renewable, and environmentally friendly. Using these favorable characteristics to produce micro/nanomaterials with elaborate structure and certain functional properties displays a major thrust in microtemplate research .…”

“…),] Chlorella sp ., Yeast , Virus , Bacillus ,] Pichia pastoris , and Escherichia coli ) stand out because of their unique features, such as exquisite natural morphology, abundant species, low cost, renewable, and environmentally friendly. Using these favorable characteristics to produce micro/nanomaterials with elaborate structure and certain functional properties displays a major thrust in microtemplate research . Due to the diversity of microbial species, a substantial range of application fields can be addressed, including yet not limited to drug delivery, wastewater treatment, catalysis, medical imaging, surface enhanced raman scattering (SERS), anisotropic conductive material, and energy storage …”

“…Using these favorable characteristics to produce micro/nanomaterials with elaborate structure and certain functional properties displays a major thrust in microtemplate research . Due to the diversity of microbial species, a substantial range of application fields can be addressed, including yet not limited to drug delivery, wastewater treatment, catalysis, medical imaging, surface enhanced raman scattering (SERS), anisotropic conductive material, and energy storage …”

TMV Particles: The Journey From Fundamental Studies to Bionanotechnology Applications

“…Initial attempts to incorporate TMV particles into multilayers using electrostatic interactions revealed that, unlike spherical cowpea mosaic virus particles, the rods floated on top of the structures (Steinmetz et al, 2008). This problem was solved by sequentially alternating layer-by-layer application of two differently charged TMV variants yielding stable multilayer films that could be converted into free-standing TMV membranes that, in turn, could be used as tissue engineering supports (Tiu et al, 2017). One of the most rapidly advancing applications of TMV carrier templates is the preparation of surfaces that foster cell attachment and differentiation.…”