Electrostatic graphene loudspeaker

Abstract

Graphene has extremely low mass density and high mechanical strength, key qualities for efficient wide-frequency-response electrostatic audio speaker design. Low mass ensures good high frequency response, while high strength allows for relatively large free-standing diaphragms necessary for effective low frequency response. Here we report on construction and testing of a miniaturized graphene-based electrostatic audio transducer. The speaker/earphone is straightforward in design and operation and has excellent frequency response across the entire audio frequency range (20HZ -20kHz), with performance matching or surpassing commercially available audio earphones.

Quantized Transport, Strain-Induced Perfectly Conducting Modes, and Valley Filtering on Shape-Optimized Graphene Corbino Devices

“…The pressure sensitivity and its direct translation into current modulations, suggests its possible application in electromechanical sensing or transducers. 44 On the other hand, we have also seen an equally interesting perspective where snake-type states and their leaky residual conductance are not detrimental but, instead, functional: clean devices can be employed as sources of valley-polarized currents in graphene. Note that the Corbino ring (the device) is defined only by the indentation of the substrate, not by an actual patterning of graphene, and the inner and outer contacts at R in and R out are still the same sheet of graphene.…”

Periodic solutions of a graphene based model in micro-electro-mechanical pull-in device

“…This is commonly considered as the simplest model for stability study of electrostatic pull-in devices. Many researchers do not take into account the third-order stiffness constant and use only the linear model in their works associated with this physical model, see, e.g., [16,23,24]. A recent review paper by Zhang et.…”

“…Many researchers have been using the linear constitutive equation in their models for graphene devices, see [1,4,19,23]. For example, a headphone equipped with a graphene membrane has become a real life application of graphene [16,23], however the mathematical model for the membrane reported in the work [23] considered graphene as a linear elastic material and a linear lumped parameter model based on Hooke's law was used to estimate the frequencies of vibrations. Nonetheless, the nonlinear mechanical behavior of graphene is well-known even for small strains and there are theoretical [2,11,15] and experimental [14] validations of the nonlinear mechanical behavior by using nonlinear constitutive equations.…”

“…The use of graphene as an actuating cantilever beam subject to electric pull-in force can be a major improvement over the use of the traditional pull-in materials, since graphene is more durable, stronger, and corrosion resistant, see e.g., [1,4,12,13]. Many researchers have been using the linear constitutive equation in their models for graphene devices, see [1,4,19,23]. For example, a headphone equipped with a graphene membrane has become a real life application of graphene [16,23], however the mathematical model for the membrane reported in the work [23] considered graphene as a linear elastic material and a linear lumped parameter model based on Hooke's law was used to estimate the frequencies of vibrations.…”

“…The potential applications of graphene are everywhere [16]. Nanoscale engineering devices that use graphene as a material for basic components in resonators, switches, and valves are being developed in many industries [1,4,5,12,13,23,24]. Understanding the mechanical responses of graphene structure elements subject to applied loads are clearly important, see e.g., [15], and above mentioned references.…”