“…For instance, Sardareh et al [ 63 ] reported that the incorporation of toxic silver nanoparticles in the PLA/gelatin nanofibers designed for wound dressing application led to inducing a lower level of toxicity on L929 cells. No notable cytotoxic effects on human normal cells were reported when electrospun multilayered mats composed of polycaprolactone/gelatin/polycaprolactone [ 64 ], chitosan (CS)/gelatin (GL) and graphene nanosheet (GNS)-CS/GL nanofibers [ 65 ], and gelatin/PVA nanofibers [ 66 ] were investigated, demonstrating cell proliferation without any signs of necrosis. The good cytotoxicity of a fish gelatin nanofibrous scaffold evaluated based on a cell proliferation study by culturing human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was explained due to the hydrophilic surface of nanofibrous fish gelatin, which provides an appropriate environment for the attaching of fibroblast cells [ 67 ].…”
Essential oils are valuable alternatives to synthetic antibiotics that have the potential to avoid the pathogen resistance side effects generated by leather. Helichrysum italicum and Lavandula latifolia essential oils combined with fish scale gelatin were electrospun using a coaxial technique to design new bioactive materials for skin wound dressings fabrication. Fish scale gelatins were extracted from carp fish scales using two variants of the same method, with and without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Both variants showed very good electrospinning properties when dissolved in acetic acid solvent. Fish scale gelatin nanofibers with Helichrysum italicum and Lavandula latifolia essential oil emulsions ensured low microbial load (under 100 CFU/g of total number of aerobic microorganisms and total number of yeasts and filamentous fungi) and the absence of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, and Candida albicans ATCC 1023 as compared to fish scale gelatin without essential oils, which recommends them for pharmaceutical or topical applications. A scratch-test performed on human dermal fibroblasts proved that the biomaterials contributing to the wound healing process included fish scale gelatin nanofibers without EDTA (0.5% and 1%), fish scale gelatin nanofibers without EDTA and Lavandula latifolia essential oil emulsion (1%), fish scale gelatin nanofibers with EDTA (0.6%), and fish scale gelatin nanofibers with EDTA with Helichrysum italicum essential oil emulsion (1% and 2%).
“…For instance, Sardareh et al [ 63 ] reported that the incorporation of toxic silver nanoparticles in the PLA/gelatin nanofibers designed for wound dressing application led to inducing a lower level of toxicity on L929 cells. No notable cytotoxic effects on human normal cells were reported when electrospun multilayered mats composed of polycaprolactone/gelatin/polycaprolactone [ 64 ], chitosan (CS)/gelatin (GL) and graphene nanosheet (GNS)-CS/GL nanofibers [ 65 ], and gelatin/PVA nanofibers [ 66 ] were investigated, demonstrating cell proliferation without any signs of necrosis. The good cytotoxicity of a fish gelatin nanofibrous scaffold evaluated based on a cell proliferation study by culturing human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was explained due to the hydrophilic surface of nanofibrous fish gelatin, which provides an appropriate environment for the attaching of fibroblast cells [ 67 ].…”
Essential oils are valuable alternatives to synthetic antibiotics that have the potential to avoid the pathogen resistance side effects generated by leather. Helichrysum italicum and Lavandula latifolia essential oils combined with fish scale gelatin were electrospun using a coaxial technique to design new bioactive materials for skin wound dressings fabrication. Fish scale gelatins were extracted from carp fish scales using two variants of the same method, with and without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Both variants showed very good electrospinning properties when dissolved in acetic acid solvent. Fish scale gelatin nanofibers with Helichrysum italicum and Lavandula latifolia essential oil emulsions ensured low microbial load (under 100 CFU/g of total number of aerobic microorganisms and total number of yeasts and filamentous fungi) and the absence of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, and Candida albicans ATCC 1023 as compared to fish scale gelatin without essential oils, which recommends them for pharmaceutical or topical applications. A scratch-test performed on human dermal fibroblasts proved that the biomaterials contributing to the wound healing process included fish scale gelatin nanofibers without EDTA (0.5% and 1%), fish scale gelatin nanofibers without EDTA and Lavandula latifolia essential oil emulsion (1%), fish scale gelatin nanofibers with EDTA (0.6%), and fish scale gelatin nanofibers with EDTA with Helichrysum italicum essential oil emulsion (1% and 2%).
“…Given its distinctive membrane-like structure and suitable physical and chemical properties, electrospun fibers are commonly employed as dressings for wound healing. Nezamoleslami et al utilized electrospinning to fabricated sandwich-structured multilayered mats and demonstrated that the controlled release of ceftazidime from the gelatin layer within the mats exhibited potent antibacterial activity without negatively affecting the viability of fibroblast cells [ 28 ]. In order to facilitate bone regeneration, a multilayer electrospun nanofibrous membrane was designed, capable of sequentially releasing MT01 (a single-stranded cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide) and stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α) from the inner and outer layers, respectively.…”
“…Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay . Approximately 10 4 cells were inoculated in each well of a 96-well plate and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. In the meantime, a propolis-loaded PLGA membrane was incubated in 5 mL of DMEM at 37 °C, shaking for 24 h to release the drug.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. 36 Approximately 10 4 cells were inoculated in each well of a 96-well plate and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. In the meantime, a propolis-loaded PLGA membrane was incubated in 5 mL of DMEM at 37 °C, shaking for 24 h to release the drug. Subsequently, released propolis was diluted to the following concentrations: 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL, and an appropriate amount of propolis-containing media was added to 100% confluent cells.…”
Nanofibers have high potential through their high porosity, small pore sizes, lightweight materials, and their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix structure for use in the manufacture of wound dressings for wound treatment. In this study, poly(lacticco-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers were produced by electrospinning. Propolis was loaded into the PLGA nanofibers by the dropping method. The average diameters and effects of propolis loading on the morphology of 37.5, 50, and 100% propolis-loaded PLGA nanofibers (PLGA-P37.5, PLGA-P50, and PLGA-P100) were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The successful loading of propolis into PLGA nanofibers was confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. In vitro propolis release was examined at physiological pH. The antioxidant activity of propolis-loaded nanofibers was studied with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antimicrobial activities of the nanofibers against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains were determined by the disk diffusion method. Consequently, PLGA-P50 and PLGA-P100 showed high antimicrobial activity on S. aureus and C. albicans. Cell viability was tested by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and propolis-loaded PLGA nanofibers were found to be biocompatible with human fibroblast cells. In the wound scratch assay, propolis-loaded nanofibers supported wound closure with cell migration and proliferation. Thus, in vitro wound closure properties of propolis-loaded PLGA nanofibers were evaluated for the first time in the literature.
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