Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry characterization of ubiquitous minor lipids and oligosaccharides in milk of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and their inhibition of oxidative stress in human plasma

Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterize minor lipids in methanol fraction extracted from raw camel milk after loading it on a water-preconditioned short C18 open column and fractionating with a gradient of methanol/water. The C18 column showed high fractionation efficiency of minor lipids, such as glycosphingolipids, lipopolysaccharides, or oligosaccharides, when compared with other constituents, in particular polysaccharides, proteins, and free fatty acids. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in negative ion mode was used to identify 21 new glycosphingolipids, lipopolysaccharides, and oligosaccharides. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was qualified to provide relevant data for recognizing the molecular mass, glycosylation sequences, and structure of saccharide moieties for the revealed compounds. The sequence of combinations of one selected lipopolysaccharide, which was considered the backbone of the remaining lipopolysaccharides, was confirmed in a density functional theory study. The obtained results showed that the tested fraction is a rich source of glycosphingolipids, lipopolysaccharides, and oligosaccharides with antioxidant activity.

Analysis of metabolites of bactrain camel milk in Alxa of China before and after fermentation with fermenting agent TR1 based on untargeted LC-MS/MS based metabolomics

“…Moreover, the content of 8-amino-7-oxononanoate and chloramphenicol palmitate increased 123 and 53 times. The significantly increased chloramphenicol palmitate demonstrated better probiotic function, which has been the same effect as chloramphenicol and can treat inflammation, which was consistent with previous studies that camel milk has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects [ 3 ]. There was no research on the use of thiram and many other esters in camel milk, and there is currently a lack of research on the toxicological or pharmacological effects of these substances.…”

“…A report by Muleta et al demonstrated that camel milk intervention can reduce the incidence of anaemia in children in Somalia and eastern Ethiopia [ 2 ]. Additionally, camel milk is rich in phytochemicals with anti-cancer, anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic properties, and is beneficial in the treatment of chronic hepatitis and the improvement of liver function [ 3 , 4 ]. For instance, Korish and coworkers have demonstrated that full fat cow milk and camel milk have hypoglycemic and anticoagulant effects on diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin [ 5 ].…”