Electroresponsive nanoparticles for drug delivery on demand

Abstract

The potential of electroresponsive conducting polymer nanoparticles to be used as general drug delivery systems that allow electrically pulsed, linearly scalable, and on demand release of incorporated drugs is demonstrated. As examples, facile release from polypyrrole nanoparticles is shown for fluorescein, a highly water-soluble model compound, piroxicam, a lipophilic small molecule drug, and insulin, a large hydrophilic peptide hormone. The drug loading is about 13 wt% and release is accomplished in a few seconds by applying a weak constant current or voltage. To identify the parameters that should be finely tuned to tailor the carrier system for the release of the therapeutic molecule of interest, a systematic study of the factors that affect drug delivery is performed, using fluorescein as a model compound. The parameters studied include current, time, voltage, pH, temperature, particle concentration, and ionic strength. Results indicate that there are several degrees of freedom that can be optimized for efficient drug delivery. The ability to modulate linearly drug release from conducting polymers with the applied stimulus can be utilized to design programmable and minimally invasive drug delivery devices.

Electrically controlled release of insulin using polypyrrole nanoparticles

“…20,23 Briefly, monomeric pyrrole was added to a micellar solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Oxidation of pyrrole was initiated by using hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2 (Figure 1a).…”

“…In sharp contrast, for nanoparticles, more drug release is achieved simply by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles. 20 Another advantage of using nanoparticles is their ease of scale up. We used INS as a model drug because its clinical use could be enhanced by a controlled release system such as ours.…”

Design strategies for physical-stimuli-responsive programmable nanotherapeutics

“…Electro-responsive nanomaterials can be designed by using the common electro-erodible or electro-conductive materials such as polypyrrole, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, polyelectrolytes, montmorillonite, ferrocene, and tetraaniline [122,123]. Samanta et al (2016) [122] designed fluorescein-, piroxicam- and insulin-loaded electro-responsive nanoparticles using polypyrrole.…”

“…Samanta et al (2016) [122] designed fluorescein-, piroxicam- and insulin-loaded electro-responsive nanoparticles using polypyrrole. Fluorescein release from the nanoparticles increased linearly when the applied current increased from 0 to −300 µA, the duration of exposure increased from 0 to 75 seconds, and the applied voltage increased from 0 to −1 V, and in each case dye release increased by at least 50%.…”

Electrosynthesis of polypyrrole nano/micro structures using an electrogenerated oriented polypyrrole nanowire array as framework

“…Therefore, a second electrosynthesis could be done, using for example functionalized monomer in order to prepare a biosensor [40][41][42][43][44][45][46], or using organic solvent containing anions which could be drugs [47][48][49][50].…”