Electroporation of Cells and Tissues

Weaver, James C.

doi:10.1201/9781420049510.ch94

Cited by 237 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Electric fields have been widely used in a variety of in vitro and in vivo biotechnical applications (1)(2)(3). Electroporation, in particular, has been investigated as a novel anticancer therapy, known as electrochemotherapy (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The applied electric field generates large depolarizing and hyperpolarizing transmembrane potentials across the cell, followed by electrical membrane breakdown when the membrane potential reaches a critical value (i.e., the membrane breakdown threshold), resulting in the formation of pores. During the effective 'pore open time', solutes that are typically unable to permeate the membrane are added to the extracellular medium and allowed to enter the cell via the pores (1,4). This method has been used to introduce anticancer agents that effectively induce cancer cell death (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activation of caspases and apoptosis in response to low-voltage electric pulses

Matsuki

Takeda²,

Ishikawa³

et al. 2010

Oncol Rep

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Abstract. Few studies have examined apoptosis induced by low-voltage electric pulses (LVEPs). LVEP-induce changes in membrane potential that are below the membrane breakdown threshold and increase membrane permeability without electroporation (pore formation) through the transport of extracellular substances via phagocytosis. We demonstrated that propidium iodide uptake and apoptosis increased in accordance with the duration and number of LVEPs in B16 cells, which showed relatively good viability under mild electric field conditions. We showed that LVEP-induced apoptosis was achieved through caspase-8 and -9 activation and subsequent caspase-3 activation. Long-duration LVEPs caused only mild cell damage, such that the apoptosis ratio (apoptosis/total cell death) in electric pulse-treated cells was similar to that in non-treated control cells. To assess the relative degree of caspase dependency in LVEP-induced apoptosis, the apoptosis rate and caspase-3 activity were analyzed using a pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK). Z-VAD-FMK treatment inhibited, but did not abolish, LVEP-induced apoptosis, indicating that caspases other than caspase-3 participate in this pathway. Moreover, LVEP treatment inhibited cell growth, suggesting that LVEP treatment may be a valuable anticancer therapy. Although the mechanism of LVEP-induced apoptosis remains unclear, it may be related to dysfunctional membrane transport of Ca 2+ and other extracellular substances involved in caspase activation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of caspases and apoptosis in response to low-voltage electric pulses

Matsuki

Takeda²,

Ishikawa³

et al. 2010

Oncol Rep

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“…This experiment clearly demonstrates the difference of electric field inside and outside of the microchannel, which cannot be simply calculated using the electric field Expression (2). Careful observation of the temporal sequence of photographs in Figure 6 indicates that there was a gradual decrease of the contrast in the images of the sample cell "a" between 5 to 6 s. A logical deduction and explanation is that the electroporation phenomenon [31,32], expected to occur just prior to cell lysis, had caused a reduction of the refractive index difference inside and outside of the cell. The duration of the electroporation was less than 1 s. A very high-applied voltage (>1500 V) resulted in bubble formation through breakdown of the water molecules and produced electric arcs that etched the inner surface of the microchannel, as can be observed in Figure 7.…”

Section: Single Cell Electrical Lysis Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cells were transported from the source reservoir (access hole) towards the waste reservoir through the microchannel by applying a low electric field created with the application of 100 to 200 V across the microchannel, generating a low electric field of a strength below 25 kV/m. As cells are negatively charged, they experience a force pulling them towards the positive electrodes, due to the combined effect of electrophoresis and electro-osmosis phenomena [31,32]. As cells moved inside the microchannel, the applied voltage was withdrawn to position cells inside the microchannel.…”

Section: Fluorescence Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Electric Fields inside Microchannels and Single Cell Electrical Lysis with a Microfluidic Device

2013

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Analysis of electric fields generated inside the microchannels of a microfluidic device for electrical lysis of biological cells along with experimental verification are presented. Electrical lysis is the complete disintegration of cell membranes, due to a critical level of electric fields applied for a critical duration on a biological cell. Generating an electric field inside a microchannel of a microfluidic device has many advantages, including the efficient utilization of energy and low-current requirement. An ideal microchannel model was compared with a practical microchannel model using a finite element analysis tool that suggests that the overestimation error can be over 10%, from 2.5 mm or smaller, in the length of a microchannel. Two analytical forms are proposed to reduce this overestimation error. Experimental results showed that the high electric field is confined only inside the microchannel that is in agreement with the simulation results. Single cell electrical lysis was conducted with a fabricated microfluidic device. An average of 800 V for seven seconds across an 8 mm-long microchannel with the dimension of 100 μm × 20 μm was required for lysis, with electric fields exceeding 100 kV/m and consuming 300 mW.

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“…Much of the work shows that PEF can cause many reversible aqueous channels (radius: 20 to 110 nm) at the cell membrane under lower electric field intensity and longer pulse duration (typical parameters: 100 ns, 1 kV/cm) (Weaver, 2000(Weaver, , 2003, while there is no obvious effect on the intra-membranous organelles. This physical procedure, termed as electroporation which can make cell membrane more permeable to drug molecule, has been successfully applied to tumor treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomedical effects induced by the monocycle pulse

Tan¹

2011

Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.

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Based on multilayer dielectric model, for the spherical biological cell subjected to pulsed electric field (PEF), a simplified equivalent circuit was presented. According to a mathematical analysis of a monocycle electric pulse (MEP), the relationship between a given pulse duration and a center frequency was established and its main energy was concentrated on the center frequency. Thus the transmenbrane potential of external and inner membranes induced by the MEP with various durations was simply calculated by using a harmonic function with different center frequency and the equivalent circuit equations. Furthermore, the threshold electric intensities and window effect of the electroporation with different pulse duration were discussed assuming that the external and inner membranes would breakdown under certain potential values. In view of current difficulty in developing the high peak power PEF devices and the advantage of the MEP in living cell's electroporation effects, an experimental scheme was presented in which a Gaussian pulse was generated by a photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) and a MEP was produced through a Blumlein transmission line (BTL).

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Electroporation of Cells and Tissues

Cited by 237 publications

References 11 publications

Activation of caspases and apoptosis in response to low-voltage electric pulses

Activation of caspases and apoptosis in response to low-voltage electric pulses

Analysis of Electric Fields inside Microchannels and Single Cell Electrical Lysis with a Microfluidic Device

Biomedical effects induced by the monocycle pulse

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