Electropolishing of Stainless Steel—a Review

Mohan, S.; Kanagaraj, D.; Sindhuja, R.; Vijayalakshmi, S.; Renganathan, N.G.

doi:10.1080/00202967.2001.11871382

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Therefore, optimum electropolishing conditions are probably obtained at high temperatures when an increased rate of anodic dissolution is achieved by temperature-enhanced mass transport [9,25]. This is in contrast to a process which is dominated by charge transfer kinetics at lower temperatures [14] and is consistent with the fact that macroscopic "smoothing" and brightening is more efficient at higher temperatures. Figure 4 presents the optical micrographs of stainless steel substrates before and after the anodic linear sweep voltammetry in each of the electrolytes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…The composition of the electrolyte employed in the electropolishing process has been the subject of a number of studies [14,22,25,26]. It is assumed that electropolishing takes place in the diffusion-limited current region under mass transport-controlled conditions and is favored by high temperatures [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the years, many studies of both practical and fundamental aspects of the process have been conducted on various metals including biocompatibility aspects of electropolished medical-grade stainless steel [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Electropolishing involves anodic dissolution of the metal/alloy in a suitable electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electropolishing of medical-grade stainless steel in preparation for surface nano-texturing

Nazneen

Galvin

Arrigan

et al. 2011

J Solid State Electrochem

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The purpose of this work is to investigate the electropolishing of medical-grade 316 L stainless steel to obtain a clean, smooth, and defect-free surface in preparation for surface nano-texturing. Electropolishing of steel was conducted under stationary conditions in four electrolyte mixtures: (A) 4.5 M H 2 SO 4 + 11 M H 3 PO 4 , (B) 7.2 M H 2 SO 4 + 6.5 M H 3 PO 4 , (C) 6.4 M glycerol + 6.1 M H 3 PO 4 , and (D) 6.1 M H 3 PO 4 . The influence of electrolyte composition and concentration, temperature, and electropolishing time, in conjunction with linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry, on the stainless steel surface was studied. The resulting surfaces of unpolished and optimally polished stainless steel were characterized in terms of contamination, defects, topography, roughness, hydrophilicity, and chemical composition by optical and atomic force microscopies, contact angle goniometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the optimally polished surfaces were obtained with the following parameters: electrolyte mixture A at 2.1 V of applied potential at 80°C for 10 min. This corresponded to the diffusion-limited dissolution of the surface. The root mean square surface roughness of the electropolished surface achieved was 0.4 nm over 2×2 μm 2 . Surface analysis showed that electropolishing led to ultraclean surfaces with reduced roughness and contamination thickness and with Cr, P, S, Mo, Ni, and O enrichment compared to untreated surfaces.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electropolishing of medical-grade stainless steel in preparation for surface nano-texturing

Nazneen

Galvin

Arrigan

et al. 2011

J Solid State Electrochem

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“…The specimens were then cleaned with the same cleaning procedure. To remove the work-hardened external zone of the metal, electrolytic dissolution was performed on mirror samples in an electrolyte typical of electropolishing processes [21], but optimized for stent applications [22], containing glycerol (50 vol.%), orthophosphoric acid (35 vol.%) and deionized water (15 vol.%). The current density was set at 0.2 A cm -2 , the temperature at 75°C and the polishing time at 20 min.…”

Section: Surface Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Polishing-Induced Surface Hardening on the Adhesion of Oxide Scales Grown on a Ferritic Stainless Steel

et al. 2010

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International audienceThe influence of surface preparation on the stress and adhesion of oxide scales formed on the ferritic stainless steel AISI 441 was studied. Steel coupons were surface-finished to different degrees of surface roughness from 400-grit SiC through to 1-micron diamond, and were also electropolished to remove the work hardened surface. Initial metal roughness was measured by optical profilometry. Oxidation was carried out at 800 degrees C under synthetic air for 100 h. Oxide residual stress was derived from the Raman shift of the main chromia line, and adhesion of oxide scales was quantitatively obtained using forced spallation by tensile straining. The results show that surface hardening is the most influential factor on adhesion, with the high dislocation-containing mirror-polished samples exhibiting the lowest adhesion energy (similar to 4 J m(-2)), and the electropolished samples with non-mechanically affected surface exhibiting the highest adhesion energy (17 J m(-2)). Recrystallisation of the subsurface zone during heating to the oxidation temperature is thought to be the most influential factor reducing scale adhesi

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“…Modern electropolishing of stainless steel is performed on a commercial scale using a mixture of phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid, despite the well documented drawbacks of the process [20]. It has been shown that 316 stainless steel parts can be successfully electropolished in Choline Chloride (ChCl) [21].…”

Section: Introduction: Electropolishing Process Using Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electropolishing of Re-melted SLM Stainless Steel 316L Parts Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: 3 × 3 Full Factorial Design

Alrbaey

Wimpenny

Al-Barzinjy

et al. 2016

J. of Materi Eng and Perform

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SummaryThis three levels three factors full factorial study describes the effects of electropolishing using deep eutectic solvents on the surface roughness of re-melted 316L stainless steel samples produced by the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) powder bed fusion additive manufacturing method. An improvement in the surface finish of re-melted stainless steel 316L parts was achieved by optimizing the processing parameters for a relatively environmentally friendly ('green') electropolishing process using a Choline Chloride ionic electrolyte. The results show that further improvement of the response valueaverage surface roughness (Ra) can be obtained by electropolishing after re-melting to yield a 75% improvement compared to the as-built Ra. The best Ra value was less than 0.5μm, obtained with a potential of 4 volts, maintained for 30mins at 40C°.Electropolishing has been shown to be effective at removing the residual oxide film formed during the re-melting process. The material dissolution during the process is not homogenous and is directed preferentially towards the iron and nickel, leaving the surface rich in chromium with potentially enhanced properties. The re-melted and polished surface of the samples gave an approximately 20% improvement in fatigue life at low stresses (approximately 570MPa). The results of the study demonstrate that a combination of re-melting and electropolishing provides a flexible method for surface texture improvement which is capable of delivering a significant improvement in surface finish whilst holding the dimensional accuracy of parts within an acceptable range.2

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Electropolishing of Stainless Steel—a Review

Cited by 39 publications

References 12 publications

Electropolishing of medical-grade stainless steel in preparation for surface nano-texturing

Electropolishing of medical-grade stainless steel in preparation for surface nano-texturing

Influence of Polishing-Induced Surface Hardening on the Adhesion of Oxide Scales Grown on a Ferritic Stainless Steel

Electropolishing of Re-melted SLM Stainless Steel 316L Parts Using Deep Eutectic Solvents: 3 × 3 Full Factorial Design

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