Electrophysiological and anatomical observations on the heart of the African lungfish

Arbel, Emanuel R.; Liberthson, RR; Langendorf, Richard; Pick, Alfred; M, Lev; Fishman, Alfred P.

doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1977.232.1.h24

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…S3C; Greil, ); later authors used bolvo auricular spur or other derivatives (e.g. Arbel et al ., ). This structure has been suggested to be part of the septal complex of mammals and birds and can be seen even in the looped hearts of sharks (Van Mierop & Kutsche, 1985 a ).…”

Section: Embryology Of the Heartmentioning

confidence: 97%

Structure and function of the hearts of lizards and snakes

2013

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With approximately 7000 species, snakes and lizards, collectively known as squamates, are by far the most species-rich group of reptiles. It was from reptile-like ancestors that mammals and birds evolved and squamates can be viewed as phylogenetically positioned between them and fishes. Hence, their hearts have been studied for more than a century yielding insights into the group itself and into the independent evolution of the fully divided four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. Structurally the heart is complex and debates persist on rudimentary issues such as identifying structures critical to understanding ventricle function. In seeking to resolve these controversies we have generated three-dimensional (3D) models in portable digital format (pdf) of the anaconda and anole lizard hearts ('typical' squamate hearts) and the uniquely specialized python heart with comprehensive annotations of structures and cavities. We review the anatomy and physiology of squamate hearts in general and emphasize the unique features of pythonid and varanid lizard hearts that endow them with mammal-like blood pressures. Excluding pythons and varanid lizards it is concluded that the squamate heart has a highly consistent design including a disproportionately large right side (systemic venous) probably due to prevailing pulmonary bypass (intraventricular shunting). Unfortunately, investigations on rudimentary features are sparse. We therefore point out gaps in our knowledge, such as the size and functional importance of the coronary vasculature and of the first cardiac chamber, the sinus venosus, and highlight areas with implications for vertebrate cardiac evolution.

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Section: Embryology Of the Heartmentioning

confidence: 97%

Structure and function of the hearts of lizards and snakes

2013

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“…Techniques for measurements of blood pressure, blood flow and blood oxygenation were developed for medical physiology in the mid-twentieth century. These techniques were rapidly deployed in physiological studies on ectothermic vertebrates (Shannon & Wiggers, 1939;Woodbury & Robertson, 1942;Foxon, 1947;Foxon & Walls, 1947;Ewer, 1950;White, 1956;Steggerda & Essex, 1957;Johansen & Hol, 1960;Andersen, 1961;Khalil & Zaki, 1964;Johansen & Reite, 1968;Szidon et al, 1969;Lahiri, Szidon, & Fishman, 1970;Delaney, Lahiri, & Fishman, 1974;Arbel et al, 1977).…”

Section: (2) Physiological and Radiological Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular shunting in vertebrates: a practical integration of competing hypotheses

2019

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This review explores the long‐standing question: ‘Why do cardiovascular shunts occur?’ An historical perspective is provided on previous research into cardiac shunts in vertebrates that continues to shape current views. Cardiac shunts and when they occur is then described for vertebrates. Nearly 20 different functional reasons have been proposed as specific causes of shunts, ranging from energy conservation to improved gas exchange, and including a plethora of functions related to thermoregulation, digestion and haemodynamics. It has even been suggested that shunts are merely an evolutionary or developmental relic. Having considered the various hypotheses involving cardiovascular shunting in vertebrates, this review then takes a non‐traditional approach. Rather than attempting to identify the single ‘correct’ reason for the occurrence of shunts, we advance a more holistic, integrative approach that embraces multiple, non‐exclusive suites of proposed causes for shunts, and indicates how these varied functions might at least co‐exist, if not actually support each other as shunts serve multiple, concurrent physiological functions. It is argued that deposing the ‘monolithic’ view of shunting leads to a more nuanced view of vertebrate cardiovascular systems. This review concludes by suggesting new paradigms for testing the function(s) of shunts, including experimentally placing organ systems into conflict in terms of their perfusion needs, reducing sources of variation in physiological experiments, measuring possible compensatory responses to shunt ablation, moving experiments from the laboratory to the field, and using cladistics‐related approaches in the choice of experimental animals.

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“…Derived from the inner curvature of the embryonic heart tube. Synonyms; bolvo ventricular spur [125], conoauricular flange [103].…”

Section: Glossarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the Hearts of Lizards and Snakes and Perspectives to Cardiac Evolution

et al. 2013

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Birds and mammals both developed high performance hearts from a heart that must have been reptile-like and the hearts of extant reptiles have an unmatched variability in design. Yet, studies on cardiac development in reptiles are largely old and further studies are much needed as reptiles are starting to become used in molecular studies. We studied the growth of cardiac compartments and changes in morphology principally in the model organism corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus), but also in the genotyped anole (Anolis carolinenis and A. sagrei) and the Philippine sailfin lizard (Hydrosaurus pustulatus). Structures and chambers of the formed heart were traced back in development and annotated in interactive 3D pdfs. In the corn snake, we found that the ventricle and atria grow exponentially, whereas the myocardial volumes of the atrioventricular canal and the muscular outflow tract are stable. Ventricular development occurs, as in other amniotes, by an early growth at the outer curvature and later, and in parallel, by incorporation of the muscular outflow tract. With the exception of the late completion of the atrial septum, the adult design of the squamate heart is essentially reached halfway through development. This design strongly resembles the developing hearts of human, mouse and chicken around the time of initial ventricular septation. Subsequent to this stage, and in contrast to the squamates, hearts of endothermic vertebrates completely septate their ventricles, develop an insulating atrioventricular plane, shift and expand their atrioventricular canal toward the right and incorporate the systemic and pulmonary venous myocardium into the atria.

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Electrophysiological and anatomical observations on the heart of the African lungfish

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

Structure and function of the hearts of lizards and snakes

Structure and function of the hearts of lizards and snakes

Cardiovascular shunting in vertebrates: a practical integration of competing hypotheses

Development of the Hearts of Lizards and Snakes and Perspectives to Cardiac Evolution

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