Electrophysiological analysis of the perception of passive movement

Salles, José Inácio; Alves, Heloisa; Costa, Filipe Estácio; Cunha-Cruz, Victor; Cagy, Maurício; Piedade, Roberto; Ribeiro, Pedro

doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.005

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This procedure was adopted to reduce the influence of previous exercises on the study results. The test apparatus was constructed in our laboratory, as described previously, 9 and shown to be reliable. We did not find a significant test-retest difference (P ¼ .820).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 The basis of passive and dynamic interactions is the proprioceptive information emerging from mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons, joint-capsule ligaments, and skin, which are centrally integrated. 7,9 In this context, kinesthesia, joint position, and force sense are described as proprioception submodalities. 4,[10][11][12] Proprioception is essential to motor control and joint stability during daily activities and sports practice.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Strength Training and Shoulder Proprioception

Salles

Velasques

Cossich

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Proprioception is essential to motor control and joint stability during daily and sport activities. Recent studies demonstrated that athletes have better joint position sense (JPS) when compared with controls matched for age, suggesting that physical training could have an effect on proprioception.Objective: To evaluate the result of an 8-week strengthtraining program on shoulder JPS and to verify whether using training intensities that are the same or divergent for the shoulder's dynamic-stabilizer muscles promote different effects on JPS.Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: We evaluated JPS in a research laboratory and conducted training in a gymnasium.Patients or Other Participants: A total of 90 men, right handed and asymptomatic, with no history of any type of injury or shoulder instability.Intervention(s): For 8 weeks, the participants performed the strength-training program 3 sessions per week. We used 4 exercises (bench press, lat pull down, shoulder press, and seated row), with 2 sets each.Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured shoulder JPS acuity by calculating the absolute error.Results: We found an interaction between group and time. To examine the interaction, we conducted two 1-way analyses of variance comparing groups at each time. The groups did not differ at pretraining; however, a difference among groups was noted posttraining.Conclusions: Strength training using exercises at the same intensity produced an improvement in JPS compared with exercises of varying intensity, suggesting that the former resulted in improvements in the sensitivity of muscle spindles and, hence, better neuromuscular control in the shoulder.Key Words: joint position sense, neuromuscular control, muscle spindles Key PointsImprovements in joint position sense can be attained via standard strength-training exercises. Performing resistance exercises at consistent intensity rather than varying intensity resulted in better proprioception performance.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength Training and Shoulder Proprioception

Salles

Velasques

Cossich

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Even the apparently simple tests of proprioception and kinesthesia measure conscious perception, which occurs at the cortical level, far removed from the signal's origin at the ankle. 12 Prior microneurography studies 23,25 have focused largely on the role of muscle spindles to examine their regulation of activity and sensitivity to dynamic stretching or to differentiate between location and type of afferent fibers. However, this body of research has not explored the role of muscle spindles simultaneously with joint loading patterns common to clinically relevant diagnostic tests or in patients with ankle-joint instability.…”

Section: Simultaneous Measurement Of Load Laxity and Sensory Trafficmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 According to this theory, laxity, whether congenital or secondary to injury, may cause sensory deficits because inadequate tension in loose capsuloligamentous tissues prevents embedded mechanoreceptors from being stimulated, such that not enough action potentials are generated to achieve conscious perception. [10][11][12] Numerous authors 13,14 have investigated this theory by testing proprioception, using joint angle-replication measures and observing patients' thresholds to detect passive motion (kinesthesia). However, across other joints, 10% to 40% of injured patients may exhibit sensory deficits yet excel functionally, whereas others are incapable of returning to their previous level of physical activity, even though mechanical laxity and sensation may be within normal limits.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Joint angle replication, threshold to detect passive motion, and balance testing do not control for the spinal influences and cognitive abilities of the participant. 12,13 Additionally, balance and muscle (peroneal) reaction time measures have been used to measure proprioception but may largely depend on visual and vestibular feedback along with neuromuscular coordination. 18 The use of these indirect measures in assessing joint sensation complicates the interpretation of these results.…”

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Muscle Spindle Traffic in Functionally Unstable Ankles During Ligamentous Stress

Needle

Swanik²,

Farquhar

et al. 2013

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Ankle sprains are common in athletes, with functional ankle instability (FAI) developing in approximately half of cases. The relationship between laxity and FAI has been inconclusive, suggesting that instability may be caused by insufficient sensorimotor function and dynamic restraint. Research has suggested that deafferentation of peripheral mechanoreceptors potentially causes FAI; however, direct evidence confirming peripheral sensory deficits has been elusive because previous investigators relied upon subjective proprioceptive tests. Objective: To develop a method for simultaneously recording peripheral sensory traffic, joint forces, and laxity and to quantify differences between healthy ankles and those with reported instability. Design: Case-control study. Setting: University laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 29 participants (age = 20.9 ± 2.2 years, height = 173.1 ± 8.9 cm, mass = 74.5 ± 12.7 kg) stratified as having healthy (HA, n = 19) or unstable ankles (UA, n = 10). Intervention(s): Sensory traffic from muscle spindle afferents in the peroneal nerve was recorded with microneurography while anterior (AP) and inversion (IE) stress was applied to ligamentous structures using an ankle arthrometer under test and sham conditions. Main Outcome Measure(s): Laxity (millimeters or degrees) and amplitude of sensory traffic (percentage) were determined at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 125 N of AP force and at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Nm of IE torque. Two-factor repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to determine differences between groups and conditions. Results: No differences in laxity were observed between groups (P > .05). Afferent traffic increased with increased force and torque in test trials (P < .001). The UA group displayed decreased afferent activity at 30 N of AP force compared with the HA group (HA: 30.2% ± 9.9%, UA: 17.1% ± 16.1%, P < .05). Conclusions: The amplitude of sensory traffic increased simultaneously with greater ankle motion and loading, providing evidence of the integrated role of capsuloligamentous and musculotendinous mechanoreceptors in maintaining joint sensation. Unstable ankles demonstrated diminished afferent traffic at low levels of force, suggesting the early detection of joint loading may be compromised.

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