Electrophoretic Studies on Human Red Blood Cells

Furchgott, Robert F.; Ponder, Eric

doi:10.1085/jgp.24.4.447

Cited by 99 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…For some time, it has been realized that the net negative charge of the human erythrocyte is due to strongly acidic groups. Furchgott & Ponder (1941) suggested that a phospholipid, possibly cephalin, was responsible for the negative charge. Up to the end of the 1950s many workers agreed in attributing the electrokinetic behaviour of the red blood cell's surface to a membrane component containing ionizable phosphate groups, probably associated with a phospholipid system (Bangham, Pethica & Seaman, 1958; Engstrom & Finean, 1958).…”

Section: (I) Electrophoresis Of Intact Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycoproteins in Membranes

Cook

1968

Biological Reviews

155

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Summary 1. Although the classical models of biomembranes have emphasized the lipid and protein nature of these structures, a small quantity of carbohydrate is present as glycoprotein and glycolipid in animal cell membranes. In this article an attempt has been made to indicate that such carbohydrate materials should be considered in any complete model of animal cell membranes. 2. Various techniques that have demonstrated the presence of glycoproteins in animal cell membranes have been discussed here. In particular, cell electrophoresis, especially when the measurements are combined with specific enzyme treatments of the cells, has indicated that the net negative surface charge on intact viable cells is mainly due to sialic acid‐containing glycoproteins and not as previously thought to ionizable phosphate groups associated with a complex phospholipid system. 3. Membrane‐bound antigens are complex carbohydrate‐containing macro‐molecules whose antigenic activity is principally associated with the configuration at terminal positions on the carbohydrate chains. Enzymic degradation of the glycoproteins of the intact plasma membrane of cells, especially erythrocytes, causes profound changes in the immunological behaviour of the cell. 4. Histology and electron microscopy have indicated the presence of carbohydrate at the periphery of many mammalian cells. Some workers consider that such materials are present in a ‘cell coat’ covering the plasma membrane, rather than in the membrane itself. 5. Studies on the isolation and characterization of membrane glycoproteins have indicated that small oligosaccharide units linked to O‐seryl or glutamyl residues in proteins are important structural units in plasma membranes. 6. The glycosylation of proteins takes place within the membranes of the endo‐plasmic reticulum. Studies of glycoprotein biosynthesis suggest that the cell is able to synthesize a diversity of cell‐surface structures from a relatively small number of monosaccharides. 7. Modification of the sialic acid‐containing glycoproteins of the plasma membrane affects the transport of materials in and out of cells. Glycoproteins are present in membranes other than the plasma membrane, and are therefore considered to be integral components of membranes; hence the designation ‘cell coat’, whilst useful as a descriptive term, should not be taken to indicate that glycoproteins are constituents of a functional entity separate from that of the membrane. 8. Evidence that membrane glycoproteins may act as sites of interaction between cells is discussed. The involvement of glycoproteins in such a role would explain why the cell had developed a biosynthetic process capable of producing varied surface oligosaccharide structures from monosaccharides.

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Section: (I) Electrophoresis Of Intact Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycoproteins in Membranes

Cook

1968

Biological Reviews

155

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“…These latter authors confirmed that that the red cell is negative down to pH 3.6 and continuing the curve found that it is isoelectric at pH 1.7. On the same graph Furchgott and Ponder showed that lipid‐extracted stroma protein of red cells is isoelectric at pH 4.7 while a suspension of red cell lipids is isoelectric at pH 2.6. In Fig.…”

Section: Studies With Erythrocytesmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…They also were aware that there is no significant difference in mobility between individuals ‘even in late pregnancy or in a number of cases of primary and secondary anaemias’. In using electrophoretic measurements to deduce the chemical constitution of the cell surface Abramson and colleagues drew attention to the work of Furchgott and Ponder , who extended their work on pH‐mobility curves at constant ionic strength. These latter authors confirmed that that the red cell is negative down to pH 3.6 and continuing the curve found that it is isoelectric at pH 1.7.…”

Section: Studies With Erythrocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycobiology of the cell surface: Its debt to cell electrophoresis 1940–65

Cook

2016

Electrophoresis

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This Review describes how in the period 1940-1959 cell electrophoresis (in the earlier literature often referred to as 'microelectrophoresis') was used to explore the surface chemistry of cells. Using the erythrocyte as a suitable model for the study of biological membranes, the early investigators were agreed on the presence of negatively charged groups at the surface of this cell. The contemporary dogma was that these were phosphate groups associated with phospholipids. Work in the 1960s, particularly on changes in the electrokinetic properties of erythrocytes following treatment with proteolytic enzymes, lead to the realization that the negatively charged groups at the red cell surface are predominantly due to sialic acids carried on glycoproteins. It quickly became apparent from cell electrophoresis that sialic acids have a ubiquitous presence on the surface of animal cells. This finding required that any complete model of the plasma membrane must include glycosylated molecules at the cell periphery, thus laying the foundations for the field termed 'Glycobiology of the Cell Surface'.

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“…groups imparting a negative charge in eukaryotic cells comprise usually carboxyl, sulfate and phosphate residues [6,[10][11][12][13]. A common component which can be detected by the CIH reaction at low pH (1.8) is sialic acid.…”

Section: ( Canavalia Ensif Ormis)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of sialic acids on the cell surface of hyphae and conidia of the human pathogenFonsecaea pedrosoi

et al. 1986

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Sialic acids were characterized on the cell surface of conidia and hyphae of Fonsecaea pedrosoi, one of the agents of chromoblastomycosis. Neuraminidase-treated conidia had a reduced negative electrophoretic mobility and, in comparison with untreated cells, bound fewer particles of colloidal iron hydroxide and of cationized ferritin. Sialie acid residues in conidia are linked to galactopyranosyl units as indicated by the increased reactivity of neuraminidase-treated cells with peanut agglutinin. N-acetylneuraminic acid was the only derivative found in the mycelium whereas conidia contained both N-glycolyl-and N-acetylneuraminic acids.

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Electrophoretic Studies on Human Red Blood Cells

Cited by 99 publications

References 5 publications

Glycoproteins in Membranes

Glycoproteins in Membranes

Glycobiology of the cell surface: Its debt to cell electrophoresis 1940–65

Identification of sialic acids on the cell surface of hyphae and conidia of the human pathogenFonsecaea pedrosoi

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