Electrophoretic profiles and biological activities: Intraspecific variation in the venom of the malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma)

Daltry, Jennifer C.; Ponnudurai, Gnanajothy; Shin, Chun-Chul; Tan, Nget Hong; Thorpe, Roger S.; Wüster, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(95)00122-0

Cited by 75 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Recently, using the high resolving capability of mass spectrometry, Modahl and colleagues [47] analyzed venoms from two long-term captive-bred Pakistan cobra (Naja naja) populations and found that all the venoms consisted of the same protein composition, although the concentration of their proteins differed among the venoms from snakes of two distinct colonies [8]. Our present data suggest that diet is an external cue that can broadly influence the expression of general classes of venom proteins at least in adults.…”

Section: Diet-related Shifts In Adult Venommentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Analysis of snake venom proteins (SVPs) using protein gel electrophoresis has consistently shown high levels of intra-and interspecific variation (for review see [3]) and there are a small but increasing number of studies that strongly support the idea that this variation reflects local adaptation for feeding on different prey [4]. There is indirect evidence that at some of this variation is under genetic control [5][6][7][8] possibly as a result of amino-acid altering substitutions in venom genes [9][10][11] or the presence or absence of alleles that code for specific venom proteins [12]. However, there is also evidence that individual venom composition can be plastic through time likely due to the effects of gene regulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Proteomic analysis of ontogenetic and diet-related changes in venom composition of juvenile and adult Dusky Pigmy rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri)

Gibbs

Sanz

Chiucchi

et al. 2011

Journal of Proteomics

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Section: Diet-related Shifts In Adult Venommentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Proteomic analysis of ontogenetic and diet-related changes in venom composition of juvenile and adult Dusky Pigmy rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri)

Gibbs

Sanz

Chiucchi

et al. 2011

Journal of Proteomics

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“…Variation of the peptide profiles of these other venomous animals has been associated with sex (Binford, 2001;Cristina de Oliveira et al, 1999;Escoubas et al, 2002), diet (Daltry et al, 1996b), age (Escoubas et al, 2002), geography (Binford, 2001;Creer et al, 2003), season (Monteiro et al, 1998b) and venom regeneration time (Pimenta et al, 2003). Studies controlling many of these factors have still observed venom variation, implying that intraspecific differences can be a result of genetic as well as environmental factors (Daltry et al, 1996a;Francischetti et al, 2000;Kalapothakis and Chavez-Olortegui, 1997;Monteiro et al, 1998a,b). Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying and controlling such variation remain unknown.…”

Section: Conus Catus As Determined By Maldi-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraspecific variation of venom injected by fish-hunting Conussnails

Jakubowski

Kelley

Sweedler

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Venom peptides from two species of fish-hunting cone snails (Conus striatus and Conus catus) were characterized using microbore liquid chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization-ion trap-mass spectrometry. Both crude venom isolated from the venom duct and injected venom obtained by milking were studied. Based on analysis of injected venom samples from individual snails, significant intraspecific variation (i.e. between individuals) in the peptide complement is observed. The mixture of peptides in injected venom is simpler than that in the crude duct venom from the same snail, and the composition of crude venom is more consistent from snail to snail. While there is animal-to-animal variation in the peptides present in the injected venom, the composition of any individual's injected venom remains relatively constant over time in captivity. Most of the Conus striatus individuals tested injected predominantly a combination of two neuroexcitatory peptides (s4a and s4b),while a few individuals had unique injected-venom profiles consisting of a combination of peptides, including several previously characterized from the venom duct of this species. Seven novel peptides were also putatively identified based on matches of their empirically derived masses to those predicted by published cDNA sequences. Profiling injected venom of Conus catus individuals using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry demonstrates that intraspecific variation in the mixture of peptides extends to other species of piscivorous cone snails. The results of this study imply that novel regulatory mechanisms exist to select specific venom peptides for injection into prey.

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“…These snakes although can be found in Pakistan, their venom profiles can vary geographically within the same species as demonstrated in several other venoms, attributed mainly to ecological factor. 2,[8][9][10] By the same token, the antigenicity of toxins can vary substantially too, thus limiting the efficacy of the imported antivenom against local species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization

Wong¹,

Tan²,

Tan³

2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Geographical variations of snake venoms can result in suboptimal effectiveness of Indian antivenoms that are currently used in most South Asian countries. This study investigated the toxicity and neutralization profile of the venom and toxins from Pakistani spectacled cobra, Naja naja, using VINS polyvalent antivenom (VPAV, India), Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom (NKMAV, Thailand), and neuro bivalent antivenom (NBAV, Taiwan). Cationexchange and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography fractionations followed by toxin identification through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS indicated that the venom comprised mainly of postsynaptic neurotoxins (NTXs) (long neurotoxins [LNTXs], 28.3%; short neurotoxins [SNTXs], 8%), cytotoxins (CTXs) (31.2%), and acidic phospholipases A 2 (12.3%). NKMAV is the most effective in neutralizing the lethal effect of the venom (potency = 1.1 mg venom/mL) and its LNTX (potency = 0.5 mg toxin/mL), consistent with the high content of LNTX in N. kaouthia venom. VPAV was effective in neutralizing the CTX (potency = 0.4 mg toxin/mL), in agreement with the higher CTX abundance in Indian cobra venom. All the three antivenoms were weak in neutralizing the SNTX (potency = 0.03-0.04 mg toxin/mL), including NBAV that was raised from the SNTX-rich Taiwanese cobra venom. In a challenge-rescue experiment, envenomed mice were prevented from death by a maximal dose of VPAV (intravenous 200 μL) but the recovery from paralysis was slow, indicating the need for higher or repeated doses of VPAV. Our results suggest that optimal neutralization for Pakistani N. naja venom may be achieved by improving the formulation of antivenom production to enhance antivenom immunoreactivity against long and SNTXs.

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Electrophoretic profiles and biological activities: Intraspecific variation in the venom of the malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma)

Cited by 75 publications

References 49 publications

Proteomic analysis of ontogenetic and diet-related changes in venom composition of juvenile and adult Dusky Pigmy rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri)

Proteomic analysis of ontogenetic and diet-related changes in venom composition of juvenile and adult Dusky Pigmy rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri)

Intraspecific variation of venom injected by fish-hunting Conussnails

Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization

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