“…As shown in Figure 3a−d,g,h, the Pd 3d peaks for the ternary CuZnPd-1, binary CuPd, and ZnPd alloy nanoparticles, as well as the commercial Pd/C catalyst, and the Cu 2p peaks of the ternary CuZnPd-1 and binary CuPd alloy nanoparticles could be deconvoluted into two pairs of doublets, in which the more intense doublet could be assigned to the metallic Pd and Cu, while the weaker doublet is attributed to the oxidized Pd and Cu. 24,27,28,31,46 For the Zn 2p peaks of the ternary CuZnPd-1 and binary ZnPd alloy nanoparticles (Figure 3e,f), only two peaks attributed to metallic Zn 2p 1/2 and Zn 2p 3/2 , respectively, could be identified. 46 Notably, the binding energies of the Pd 3d peak for CuPd nanoparticles display an evident positive shift relative to those of the Pd 3d peak for commercial Pd/C (Figure 3b,d), which might be ascribed to the compressive lattice strain of Pd by alloying with Cu, 24,27,29,31,33,34 and the electron flow from Pd to Cu, possibly owing to the half empty 4s band of Cu.…”