Electronic Cigarettes: Vulnerability of Youth

Schraufnagel, Dean E.

doi:10.1089/ped.2015.0490

Cited by 42 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…While e-cigarettes are marketed as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, they contain nicotine and flavorants and the long-term effects are unknown. Nicotine is a highly active chemical that affects many bodily cells and pathways and has both activating and desensitizing effects on receptors with a high risk of lethal poisoning when accidentally consumed orally by young children [120]. The attractive flavoring and active marketing of e-cigarettes also makes them appealing to the youth.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The attractive flavoring and active marketing of e-cigarettes also makes them appealing to the youth. Reducing tobacco use through campaigns that depict cigarette smoking as undesirable and harmful has been implemented; however, the promotion of e-cigarettes threatens this with the risk of increasing nicotine addiction [120]. A recent systematic review also found no strong evidence for e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool [121].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory disease: a review

Vanker

Gie

Zar

2017

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine

145

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Introduction: Childhood respiratory illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in low and middle-income countries. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is a recognised risk factor for both acute and chronic respiratory illness.Areas covered: The aim of this paper was to review the epidemiology of ETS exposure and impact on respiratory health in children. We conducted a search of 3 electronic databases of publications on ETS and childhood respiratory illness from 1990–2015. Key findings were that up to 70% of children are exposed to ETS globally, but under-reporting may mask the true prevalence. Maternal smoking and ETS exposure influence infant lung development and are associated with childhood upper and lower respiratory tract infection, wheezing or asthma. Further, exposure to ETS is associated with more severe respiratory disease. ETS exposure reduces lung function early in life, establishing an increased lifelong risk of poor lung health.Expert commentary: Urgent and effective strategies are needed to decrease ETS exposure in young children to improve child and long-term lung health in adults especially in low and middle income countries where ETS exposure is increasing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory disease: a review

Vanker

Gie

Zar

2017

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine

145

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“…25 Nicotine has neurotoxic effects on the developing brain. 41,42 In early adolescence, development of executive function and neurocognitive processes in the brain has not fully matured. Adolescents are more likely to engage in experimentation with substances such as cigarettes, and they are also physiologically more vulnerable to addiction.…”

Section: The Effects Of Nicotine On the Developing Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

Etzel¹,

Wilson²,

Balk³

et al. 2015

Pediatrics

106

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Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are rapidly growing in popularity among youth. ENDS are handheld devices that produce an aerosolized mixture from a solution typically containing concentrated nicotine, flavoring chemicals, and propylene glycol to be inhaled by the user. ENDS are marketed under a variety of names, most commonly electronic cigarettes and e-cigarettes. In 2014, more youth reported using ENDS than any other tobacco product. ENDS pose health risks to both users and nonusers. Nicotine, the major psychoactive ingredient in ENDS solutions, is both highly addictive and toxic. In addition to nicotine, other toxicants, carcinogens, and metal particles have been detected in solutions and aerosols of ENDS. Nonusers are involuntarily exposed to the emissions of these devices with secondhand and thirdhand aerosol. The concentrated and often flavored nicotine in ENDS solutions poses a poisoning risk for young children. Reports of acute nicotine toxicity from US poison control centers have been increasing, with at least 1 child death reported from unintentional exposure to a nicotine-containing ENDS solution. With flavors, design, and marketing that appeal to youth, ENDS threaten to renormalize and glamorize nicotine and tobacco product use. There is a critical need for ENDS regulation, legislative action, and counter promotion to protect youth. ENDS have the potential to addict a new generation of youth to nicotine and reverse more than 50 years of progress in tobacco control. DEFINITIONS• Secondhand aerosol: emissions from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) that are discharged into the surrounding environment with ENDS use, both directly from the ENDS and exhaled from the lungs of the user.• Thirdhand aerosol: ENDS emissions that remain on surfaces and in dust after ENDS use, which can be reemitted into the gas phase or react with oxidants in the environment to yield secondary pollutants.

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“…E-cigarettes have been marketed as safe alternatives to combustible tobacco cigarettes, despite a lack of evidence supporting these claims [5]. Researchers have identified significant health concerns: the nicotine in e-cigarettes is addictive [6] and has neurotoxic effects on adolescents' brains [7,8]. Animal data show that e-cigarette exposure harms lung growth and function [9] and is linked to behaviors associated with ADHD later in life [10].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%