Electronic Cigarettes Are as Toxic to Skin Flap Survival as Tobacco Cigarettes

Rau, Aline Sabrina; Reinikovaite, Viktorija; Schmidt, Eric P.; Tarasevičienė-Stewart, Laima; Deleyiannis, Frederic W.-B.

doi:10.1097/sap.0000000000000998

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…While in our study, serum levels of nicotine and cotinine were higher in the cigarette smoke group than in the e-cigarette vapour group [4], the amount of lung tissue destruction was similar across both exposure groups. Nicotine and cotinine plasma levels in the cigarette smoke-exposed rats were comparable with those found in smokers, and our values corroborated prior published nicotine and cotinine levels in rats exposed to tobacco smoke [19].…”

contrasting

confidence: 67%

The effects of electronic cigarette vapour on the lung: direct comparison to tobacco smoke

et al. 2018

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Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) usage in the USA has drastically increased in the past 5 years due to age restrictions on conventional cigarettes, aggressive marketing and a perception that e-cigarettes are a healthy alternative. E-cigarettes contain nicotine, water, glycerol, propylene glycol and optional flavouring. On inhalation, the device heats the ingredients into a vapour [1]. While tobacco cigarette smoke is known to cause deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, angiogenesis and skin capillary perfusion by causing direct injury to blood vessel walls, increased platelet aggregation, microvascular thrombosis [2-4] and inflammation [5], the consequences of e-cigarette vapour exposure on the lung are still largely unexplored [6, 7]. Recently, LERNER et al. [8] reported that vapours produced by e-cigarettes and e-cigarette fluids with flavourings induced toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in human bronchial airway epithelial cells (H292) and fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL1) as well as mouse lung. GARCIA-ARCOS et al. [9] showed that the aerosolised nicotine-containing e-cigarette fluid increased airway hyperreactivity, distal airspace enlargement, mucin production, and cytokine and protease expression in mice, implying potential dangers of nicotine inhalation during e-cigarette use. The inflammatory response to e-cigarette use involved increased neutrophil activation and mucus production [10], and decreased mucociliary clearance [11]. In human embryonic and mouse neural stem cells, human pulmonary fibroblasts [12], and skin and lung cells [13], cytotoxicity of e-cigarette vapour was correlated with the number and concentration of chemicals used to flavour the fluids. We recently showed in the skin flap survival model in vivo that nicotine-containing e-cigarette vapour is just as harmful to the microcirculation as tobacco cigarette smoke [4]. In the present study, we examined whether long-term exposure to e-cigarette vapour or nicotine produce the same damaging effect on lung structure and vasculature as tobacco smoke in a rat model in vivo. 6-week-old, male Sprague Dawley rats (Envigo Laboratories, Denver, CO, USA) were divided into four groups of eight animals per group and exposed for 5 weeks as follows. 1) Room air. 2) Subcutaneous injections of (−)-nicotine ditartrate (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) 2 mg•kg −1 twice daily; the amount of nicotine for injections was based on that known from previous studies to produce stable plasma nicotine levels of approximately 25 ng•mL −1 , which is compatible with plasma levels in habitual smokers [14, 15]. 3) Blu E-cigs (Classic Tobacco Flavour (Blu, Charlotte, NC, USA), containing 12 mg•mL −1 nicotine) vapour produced in a TE-2E e-cigarette smoking machine (Teague Enterprises, Davis, CA, USA); the coil temperature of the e-cigarettes was within the normal range usually used by vapers (200-250°C). Rats in this group were exposed to 48 mg nicotine per day [4]. Our experimental design, by subjecting rats to e-cigarette vapour, is a major imp...

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confidence: 67%

The effects of electronic cigarette vapour on the lung: direct comparison to tobacco smoke

et al. 2018

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“…It should be noted that no data exist on a direct comparison of ECIGs, conventional cigarettes and snus, and that the role of the route of exposure is unknown. Nicotine has adverse reproductive effects, including a fetal neuroteratogenicity, impaired fetal lung development and complications of pregnancy, including premature birth, low birthweight and pre-eclampsia, and possibly impaired wound healing [164,165]. Minor tobacco alkaloids have nicotine-like activity and tobacco-specific nitrosamines are carcinogenic.…”

Section: Consequences Of Nicotine Inhalationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society

et al. 2019

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There is a marked increase in the development and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems or electronic cigarettes (ECIGs). This statement covers electronic cigarettes (ECIGs), defined as “electrical devices that generate an aerosol from a liquid” and thus excludes devices that contain tobacco. Database searches identified published articles that were used to summarise the current knowledge on the epidemiology of ECIG use; their ingredients and accompanied health effects; second-hand exposure; use of ECIGs for smoking cessation; behavioural aspects of ECIGs and social impact;in vitroand animal studies; and user perspectives.ECIG aerosol contains potentially toxic chemicals. As compared to conventional cigarettes, these are fewer and generally in lower concentrations. Second-hand exposures to ECIG chemicals may represent a potential risk, especially to vulnerable populations. There is not enough scientific evidence to support ECIGs as an aid to smoking cessation due to a lack of controlled trials, including those that compare ECIGs with licenced stop-smoking treatments. So far, there are conflicting data that use of ECIGs results in a renormalisation of smoking behaviour or for the gateway hypothesis. Experiments in cell cultures and animal studies show that ECIGs can have multiple negative effects. The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term. Based on current knowledge, negative health effects cannot be ruled out.

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“…Inhalation administration of nicotine is possible, since one study showed that inhalation of air bubbled through an aqueous solution of nicotine produces nicotine dependence and facilitates the acquisition of subsequent nicotine intravenous self-administration (Gilpin et al 2014). In addition, a few studies have examined the effects of inhalation of vapor generated by e-cigarette devices on toxicological markers (Phillips et al 2017;Werley et al 2016), wound healing (Rau et al 2017) and laryngeal mucosa (Salturk et al 2015) in rats. This relative paucity of information means that it is of pressing and significant interest to develop and validate experimental methods that can support a range of ENDS studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nicotine and THC Vapor Inhalation Administered by An Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) in Male Rats

Javadi‐Paydar

Cole

Taffe

2018

Preprint

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Background: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, e-cigarettes) are increasingly used for the self-administration of nicotine by various human populations, including previously nonsmoking adolescents. Studies in preclinical models are necessary to evaluate health impacts of ENDS including the development of nicotine addiction, effects of ENDS vehicles, flavorants and co-administered psychoactive substances such as ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This study was conducted to validate a rat model useful for the study of nicotine effects delivered by inhalation of vapor created by ENDS.Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N=8) were prepared with radiotelemetry devices for the reporting of temperature and activity. Experiments subjected rats to inhalation of vapor generated by an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) adapted for rodents. Inhalation conditions included vapor generated by the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle, Nicotine (1, 10, 30 mg/mL in the PG) and THC (12.5, 25 mg/mL). Results: Nicotine inhalation increased spontaneous locomotion and decreased body temperature of rats.Pretreatment with the nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented stimulant effects of nicotine vapor inhalation and attenuated the hypothermic response. Combined inhalation of nicotine and THC resulted in apparently independent effects which were either additive (hypothermia) or opposed (activity). Conclusions:These studies provide evidence that ENDS delivery of nicotine via inhalation results in nicotine-typical effects on spontaneous locomotion and thermoregulation in male rats. Effects were blocked by a nicotinic antagonist, demonstrating mechanistic specificity. This system will therefore support additional studies of the contribution of atomizer/wick design, vehicle constituents and/or flavorants to the effects of nicotine administered by ENDS.

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Electronic Cigarettes Are as Toxic to Skin Flap Survival as Tobacco Cigarettes

Abstract: Both the medium-content and high-nicotine content e-cigarette exposure groups had similar amounts of flap necrosis and hypoxia when compared with the tobacco cigarette exposure group. Nicotine-containing e-cigarette vapor is similarly toxic to skin flap survival as tobacco cigarettes.

Cited by 33 publications

References 23 publications

The effects of electronic cigarette vapour on the lung: direct comparison to tobacco smoke

The effects of electronic cigarette vapour on the lung: direct comparison to tobacco smoke

Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society

Effects of Nicotine and THC Vapor Inhalation Administered by An Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) in Male Rats

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