Electronic cigarette substitution in the experimental tobacco marketplace: A review

Bickel, Warren K.; Pope, Derek A.; Kaplan, Brent A.; DeHart, William Brady; Koffarnus, Mikhail N.; Stein, Jeffrey S.

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.04.026

Cited by 40 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…These earlier methods used more extensive task parameters, including endowment of an experimental income and 'transactions' involving imitation money. Although similarly effective for generating demand curves, these procedures have not seen the same level of application as the purchase task method, possibly due to their more involved nature (but see the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace developed by Bickel and colleagues [20] as a contemporary example).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilizing the commodity purchase task to evaluate behavioral economic demand for illicit substances: a review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2019

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Background andAims The commodity purchase task is a simulated demand procedure that is easy and quick to complete (< 5 minutes) as well as adaptable for remote delivery and use with varied study populations. The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to synthesize research using the commodity purchase task with illicit substances to evaluate the magnitude of omnibus effects sizes and moderators of the correlation of demand indices with quantity–frequency (QF) and severity measures. Design Random‐effects meta‐analyses and meta‐regressions involving studies with cross‐sectional correlational designs. Setting and Participants Eleven studies, 10 outcomes and 2146 participants from two countries (USA and UK) published up to 1 October 2018. Measurements Omnibus effect sizes (correlation coefficients) of five demand indices from the commodity purchase task [intensity (unconstrained consumption), elasticity (price sensitivity), Omax (maximum expenditure), Pmax (price at maximum expenditure) and breakpoint (first price of zero consumption)] with QF and severity measures. Meta‐regression models tested moderators of effect sizes (i.e. sample age and sex composition, commodity type and number of prices used in the commodity purchase task). Findings Significant omnibus effect sizes were observed with QF and severity measures for intensity (r = 0.32/0.28, QF/severity, respectively), elasticity (r = −0.14/−0.18), Omax (r = 0.30/0.29) and breakpoint (r = 0.17/0.22) values. Pmax was only significantly associated with severity measures (r = 0.15). The percentage of female participants and number of prices used in the purchase task significantly moderated Pmax and breakpoint effect‐size estimates in that stronger associations were observed in samples with a greater percentage of women and in studies using tasks with more price points. Commodity type (cannabis versus cocaine) did not significantly moderate associations involving any demand index. Conclusions Behavioral economic demand as measured by the commodity purchase task is consistently correlated with measures of illicit substance use quantity–frequency and severity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilizing the commodity purchase task to evaluate behavioral economic demand for illicit substances: a review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2019

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“…To the extent that the initial purchasing of potentially less harmful products is sensitive to these various policy-type manipulations and is robust, the concept of substitutability should be further developed and explored to incorporate these findings. 34,37 However, we caution that this selective effect of e-liquid subsidies on initial intensity, but not slope, may suggest that e-liquid subsidies would do little to increase the degree of switching from combustible products to e-cigarettes, but may instead simply increase rates of dual product use. However, this study was conducted over a relatively short period; additional work is needed to examine the possible long-term effects of taxes and subsidies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The Experimental Tobacco Marketplace: Demand and Substitutability as a Function of Cigarette Taxes and e-Liquid Subsidies

Pope

Poe

Stein

et al. 2019

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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Introduction The experimental tobacco marketplace (ETM) approximates real-world situations by estimating the effects of several, concurrently available products and policies on budgeted purchasing. Although the effects of increasing cigarette price on potentially less harmful substitutability are well documented, the effects of other, nuanced pricing policies remain speculative. This study used the ETM as a tool to assess the effects of two pricing policies, conventional cigarette taxation and e-liquid subsidization, on demand and substitutability. Methods During sampling periods, participants were provided 2-day samples of 24 mg/mL e-liquid, after which ETM purchase sessions occurred. Across two ETM sessions, conventional cigarettes were taxed or e-liquid was subsidized in combination with increasing cigarette price. The other four available products were always price constant and not taxed or subsidized. Results E-liquid functioned as a substitute for conventional cigarettes across all conditions. Increasing cigarette taxation and e-liquid subsidization increased the number of participants for which e-liquid functioned as a substitute. Cigarette taxation decreased cigarette demand, by decreasing demand intensity, and marginally increased the initial intensity of e-liquid substitution, but did not affect the functions’ slopes (substitutability). E-liquid subsidization resulted in large increases in the initial intensity of e-liquid substitution, but did not affect e-liquid substitutability nor cigarette demand. Implications 24 mg/mL e-cigarette e-liquid was the only product to significantly substitute for cigarettes in at least one condition throughout the experiment; it functioned as a significant substitute throughout all four tax and all four subsidy conditions. Increasing cigarette taxes decreased cigarette demand through decreases in demand intensity but did not affect e-cigarette substitution. Increasing e-liquid subsidies increased e-liquid initial intensity of substitution but did not affect cigarette demand. Conclusions This study extended research on the behavioral economics of conventional cigarette demand and e-liquid substitutability in a complex marketplace. The results suggest that the most efficacious method to decrease conventional cigarette purchasing and increase e-liquid purchasing may involve greatly increasing cigarette taxes while also increasing the value of e-liquid through potentially less harmful product subsidization or differential taxation.

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“…Smokers from EN and US may have overestimated their consumption, whereas smokers from AU and CA may have provided more realistic estimates. Purchase task studies that allow for purchasing of NVPs and other nicotine products, such as in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace paradigm , have found that smokers begin to purchase NVPs as the price of cigarettes increases. Future studies should test the influence of manipulating instructions for the purchase task to determine the effects of product availability (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of vaping and regulatory environment on cigarette demand: behavioral economic perspective across four countries

et al. 2019

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Background and Aims Government regulations of nicotine vaping products (NVP) have evolved rapidly during the past decade. The impact of NVP regulatory environment and vaping on cigarette demand is unknown. The current study aims to investigate whether or not respondents' reported cigarette demand, as measured by a hypothetical cigarette purchase task, varies with (1) smoking status, (2) vaping status or (3) NVP regulatory environment (country used as proxy).Design Cross-sectional survey data from wave 1 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping (4CV) Survey (2016). Setting Australia, Canada, England and the United States. Participants A total of 10 316 adult smokers. Measurements A hypothetical purchase task asked smokers to estimate how many cigarettes they would purchase for consumption in a single day across multiple cigarette prices. Responses were used to derive measures of cigarette demand. Overall sensitivity of cigarette consumption to price increases was quantified to index cigarette demand elasticity, whereas estimated consumption when cigarettes are free was used to index cigarette demand intensity. Findings A majority of the non-daily smokers had previously smoked daily (72.3%); daily vapers were more likely to be former daily smokers (89.9%) compared to non-daily vapers (70.1%) and non-vapers (69.2%) (P < 0.001). The smoking status × vaping status interaction was significant for cigarette demand intensity (F = 4.93; P = 0.007) and elasticity (F = 7.30; P = 0.001): among non-daily smokers, vapers reported greater intensity but lower elasticity (i.e. greater demand) relative to non-vapers (Ps < 0.05). Among daily smokers, daily vapers reported greater intensity relative to non-vapers (P = 0.005), but vaping status did not impact elasticity (Ps > 0.38). Intensity was higher in Australia compared with all other countries (Ps < 0.001), but elasticity did not vary by country (F = 2.15; P = 0.09).Conclusions In a hypothetical purchase task, non-daily smokers showed lower price elasticity if they used e-cigarettes than if they did not, while there was no clear difference in elasticity between e-cigarette users and non-users among daily smokers or according to regulatory environment of their country with regard to e-cigarettes.

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Electronic cigarette substitution in the experimental tobacco marketplace: A review

Cited by 40 publications

References 39 publications

Utilizing the commodity purchase task to evaluate behavioral economic demand for illicit substances: a review and meta‐analysis

Utilizing the commodity purchase task to evaluate behavioral economic demand for illicit substances: a review and meta‐analysis

The Experimental Tobacco Marketplace: Demand and Substitutability as a Function of Cigarette Taxes and e-Liquid Subsidies

The impact of vaping and regulatory environment on cigarette demand: behavioral economic perspective across four countries

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