Electronic and geometric structure of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ar</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Xe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi ma

Haberland, Hellmut; Issendorff, Bernd von; Kolar, Thomas; Kornmeier, Hans; Ludewigt, C.; Risch, Andreas

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.67.3290

Cited by 110 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…They are dominated by an intense, broad Ar + monomer peak, but also singly charged larger Ar + n and Ar m Xe + n fragments as well as clear Ar 2+ and Ar 3+ cluster signals are present. The dominant Xe signal for the surface doped clusters (the 1.5 mbar cross beam in figure 2) are the monomer and larger Ar n Xe m ionic fragments which are highly stable due to their quasicovalent bonding [24]. Further, no multiply charged Xe from the cluster explosion can be identified.…”

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confidence: 99%

Charge recombination in soft x-ray laser produced nanoplasmas

Hoener¹,

Thomas²,

Wabnitz³

et al. 2009

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The ionization and charge separation processes of nanoplasmas created by resonant excitation of atomic clusters in intense soft x-ray pulses have been investigated. Through irradiation with femtosecond pulses from the FLASH free electron laser (FEL) at λ = 13.7 nm and power densities exceeding 10 14 W cm −2 the clusters are highly ionized with transient atomic charge states up to 9+. Variation of the cluster composition from pristine to doped and core-shell systems allows tracking of the spatial origin and charge states of the fragments yielding insight into the nanoplasma dynamics. The data give evidence for efficient charge redistribution processes leading to a Coulomb explosion of the cluster outer part and recombination of the nanoplasma core. The experiments show qualitatively different processes for (soft) x-ray produced nanoplasmas from the optical (IR) strong-field regime where the clusters disintegrate completely in a Coulomb explosion.(Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)Understanding the interaction of light with matter has been a central theme of physics over the past century, starting with the concept of the photon and the inception of quantum theory. The invention of the laser and the continuing advance in laser technologies has made it possible to explore regimes of nonlinear light-matter interaction leading to novel laserbased concepts for particle accelerators, plasma formation and nuclear fusion [1]. Currently, we are witnessing the advent of intense lasers in the x-ray regime. One of the most exciting prospects of research with x-ray lasers is direct imaging of nonperiodic nanoscale objects, such as biomolecules, nanocrystals, living cells and viruses [2]. Even though it is crucial for the success of the imaging experiments, understanding the interaction of intense x-ray pulses with atomic systems and the underlying dynamics is still in its infancy. To date, virtually all studies about the ionization as well as nuclear dynamics of nanometer-sized structures in intense (soft) x-ray pulses are of theoretical nature [3][4][5][6] and no experimental data are available.For the experimental investigations of matter in intense light pulses atomic clusters are ideal because their size can be tuned from the molecular to the bulk-like regime and there is no energy dissipation into surrounding media. The ionization dynamics of clusters in intense laser pulses depend considerably on the radiation wavelength. In the infrared spectral regime the cluster is ionized by the optical field and the resulting transient nanoplasma is efficiently heated by the external laser field via inverse bremsstrahlung (IBS) and collective effects, leading to a Coulomb explosion of the cluster [7]. Because the ponderomotive energy scales with ω −2 (ω-laser frequency) and thus, the direct effect of the laser field on the electron movement is small, it was a big surprise when experiments in the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral regime at 100 nm and intensities up to 10 13 W cm −2 reported u...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge recombination in soft x-ray laser produced nanoplasmas

Hoener¹,

Thomas²,

Wabnitz³

et al. 2009

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…Haberland et al measured photoabsorption cross sections of mass selected Xe N ϩ clusters, 3рNр30, and found two distinct families of cluster ions, with either linear trimer or tetramer cores. 2 In small Xe N clusters (N ϭ13, 19), the ground state charge distribution was expected to be 0.25 : 0.5 : 0.25 for a trimer ionic core and 0.1 : 0.4 : 0.4 : 0.1 for a tetramer ionic core, respectively. 2 The neutral adatoms are arranged in rings of 5 atoms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 In small Xe N clusters (N ϭ13, 19), the ground state charge distribution was expected to be 0.25 : 0.5 : 0.25 for a trimer ionic core and 0.1 : 0.4 : 0.4 : 0.1 for a tetramer ionic core, respectively. 2 The neutral adatoms are arranged in rings of 5 atoms. 2 There is experimental evidence that the clusters containing less than 30 atoms fluctuate between the two structures on a time scale faster than 10-15 ns.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whether the charge localizes on a dimer, trimer, tetramer or even larger core is still under discussion, although several detailed investigations have focused on this issue. 1,2 According to theoretical work the charge delocalization favors the formation of large centers, while the polarization of the surrounding atoms becomes larger if the charge is concentrated. Therefore, one can expect that dimer centers are formed in very large clusters, if we recall that the polarization energy increases with cluster size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of the charge localization process in xenon cluster ions: From tetramer to dimer cores as a function of cluster size

Laarmann

Kanaev²,

Haeften

et al. 2002

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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The charge localization process in Xe N ϩ cluster ions (Nϭ40-20 000) is investigated with fluorescence spectroscopy methods. New discrete and continuous luminescence bands in the visible and near infrared spectral range are observed and are assigned to radiative transitions of ionic dimers, trimers and tetramers inside Xe clusters. The bands are related to the 5p 5 2 P 1/2 →5p 5 2 P 3/2 transition of electronically excited atomic Xe ions and the 6p→6s transitions of electronically excited Xe neutrals. The dependence of the size of the ionic centers on the Xe cluster size is discussed. In large clusters discrete lines are due to embedded dimer emission and they are identified as 2(1/2) u →1(3/2) g transitions between different vibrational levels. Line positions are blue-shifted by 30 (Ϯ1) meV with respect to free molecular dimer ions. The energy shift is due to the interaction of the surrounding neutral Xe cluster atoms with the embedded ionic Xe molecules.

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“…Another point of difference is that while in the neutral cluster the representing building unit is the rare gas dimer, a larger unit can be produced in the ionic cluster due to a charge delocalization process. For example, Xe p + (p = 2-4) units have been experimentally observed from analysis of absorption and fluorescence spectra [1][2][3] and theoretically predicted in free xenon clusters [4][5][6]. IR fluorescence of self-trapped hole in rare-gas solids has been recently studies in Refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic chromophores Xep+ (p⩽4) in multishell rare-gas clusters Xem(NF3)kNe7500 (m,k⩽100) studied with fluorescence spectroscopy

Kanaev¹,

Museur

Laarmann

et al. 2006

Low Temperature Physics

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We have studied fluorescence spectra of small Xe m and Xe m (NF 3 ) k clusters (m, k £ 10 2 ) embedded in large host Ne 7500 clusters, excited with SR excitation in the VUV spectral region above the Xe + ( 2 P 1/2 ) atomic limit. The IR emission bands due to ionic chromophores Xe p + (p = 2, 3, 4) as well as UV (B-X) and visible (C-A) bands due to desorbed Xe + F -excimer molecules have been observed. The triatomic Xe 2 F excimer emission has only been observed under low-energy excitation close to the lowest xenon exciton absorption band. A competition between ionic and charge-transfer reaction channels is followed as a function of the cluster sizes m and k.

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Electronic and geometric structure ofArn+andXe

Cited by 110 publications

References 23 publications

Charge recombination in soft x-ray laser produced nanoplasmas

Charge recombination in soft x-ray laser produced nanoplasmas

Evolution of the charge localization process in xenon cluster ions: From tetramer to dimer cores as a function of cluster size

Ionic chromophores Xep+ (p⩽4) in multishell rare-gas clusters Xem(NF3)kNe7500 (m,k⩽100) studied with fluorescence spectroscopy

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