Electron‐Transport Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells

Lian, Jiarong; Lu, Bing; Niu, Fangfang; Zeng, Peng; Zhan, Xiaowei

doi:10.1002/smtd.201800082

Cited by 153 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 211 publications

(304 reference statements)

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Organometal halide perovskites have recently attracted significant attention in photovoltaics for its prominent intrinsic characteristics such as low exciton binding energy, high absorption coefficient, and long carrier diffusion length. [7,8] Various solutions such as encapsulation, [9,10] interface engineering, [11,12] and precursor solution chemistry [13,14] have been developed to reconcile the gap between device performance and stability. [7,8] Various solutions such as encapsulation, [9,10] interface engineering, [11,12] and precursor solution chemistry [13,14] have been developed to reconcile the gap between device performance and stability.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefiting from Spontaneously Generated 2D/3D Bulk‐Heterojunctions in Ruddlesden−Popper Perovskite by Incorporation of S‐Bearing Spacer Cation

Yan

Honarfar

et al. 2019

Advanced Science

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2D Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite solar cells have manifested superior operation durability yet inferior charge transport compared to their 3D counterparts. Integrating 3D phases with 2D RP perovskites presents a compromise to maintain respective advantages of both components. Here, the spontaneous generation of 3D phases embedded in 2D perovskite matrix is demonstrated at room temperature via introducing S‐bearing thiophene−2−ethylamine (TEA) as both spacer and stabilizer of inorganic lattices. The resulting 2D/3D bulk heterojunction structures are believed to arise from the compression‐induced epitaxial growth of the 3D phase at the grain boundaries of the 2D phase through the Pb−S interaction. The as‐prepared 2D TEA perovskites exhibit longer exciton diffusion length and extended charge carrier lifetime than the paradigm 2D phenylethylamine (PEA)‐based analogues and hence demonstrate an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 7.20% with significantly increased photocurrent. Dual treatments by NH 4 Cl and dimethyl sulfoxide are further applied to ameliorate the crystallinity and crystal orientation of 2D perovskites. Consequently, TEA‐based devices exhibit a stabilized efficiency over 11% with negligible hysteresis and display excellent ambient stability without encapsulation by preserving 80% efficiency after 270 h storage in air with 60 ± 5% relative humidity at 25 °C.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefiting from Spontaneously Generated 2D/3D Bulk‐Heterojunctions in Ruddlesden−Popper Perovskite by Incorporation of S‐Bearing Spacer Cation

Yan

Honarfar

et al. 2019

Advanced Science

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“…[13] Semiconductor materials (usually n-type semiconductors) with high electron affinity and ion potential are usually used as electron transport materials. ETL is consisting of electron transport material that can extract negative charged carriers (electrons) from absorb layer and transmit them to the electron collection electrode.…”

Section: The Role Of Etlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[13] 2) n-type metal sulfide/selenide semiconductor, such as CdSe, ZnS quantum dot, TiS 2 , MoS 2 , Sb 2 S 3 . [13] 2) n-type metal sulfide/selenide semiconductor, such as CdSe, ZnS quantum dot, TiS 2 , MoS 2 , Sb 2 S 3 .…”

Section: Wwwadvancedsciencenewscommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[13] 2) n-type metal sulfide/selenide semiconductor, such as CdSe, ZnS quantum dot, TiS 2 , MoS 2 , Sb 2 S 3 . [13] With their insulating nature, common organic interface modification layers (thickness of several nanometers to tens of nanometers), such as bathocuproine (BCP), polyethylenimine (PEIE), polyetherimide (PEI), poly[(9,9bis(3′-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9dioctylfluorene)] (PFN), and their derivatives, are not regarded as ETL too. [13] It must be pointed out that n-type organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite with appropriate energy levels and wide bandgap can also be used as electron transport layer material, although no devices using perovskite as ETL have been reported so far to our best knowledge.…”

Section: Wwwadvancedsciencenewscommentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simple, Robust, and Going More Efficient: Recent Advance on Electron Transport Layer‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells

Huang

2019

Advanced Energy Materials

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown great potential for photovoltaic applications with their unprecedented power conversion efficiency advancement. Such devices generally have a complex structure design with high temperature processed TiO2 as the electron transport layer (ETL). Further careful design of device configuration to fully tap the potentials of perovskite materials is expected. Particularly, for the practical application of PSCs, it is crucial to simplify their device structures thus the associated manufacturing process and cost while maintaining their efficiency to be comparable with the conventional devices. But how simple is simple? ETL‐free PSCs promise the simplest structured, thus simple manufacturing processes and low cost large area PSCs in practical applications. They can also help the further exploration of the great potential of perovskite materials and understanding the working principle of PSCs. Within this review, the evolution of the PSC is outlined by discussing the recent advances in the simplification of device configuration and processes for cost effective, highly efficient, and robust PSCs, with a focus on ETL‐free PSCs. Their advancement, key issues, working mechanism, existing problems, and future performance enhancements. This review aims to promote the future development of low cost and robust ETL‐free PSCs toward more efficient power output.

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“…Stability of PSCs strongly depends not only on the properties of photoactive layer but also on the proper selection of interfacial charge‐transport layers. Ideal hole transport (HTL) and electron transport (ETL) layers should be chemically inert with respect to the complex lead halides, have minimized energy level offsets with respect to the absorber material, enable efficient and selective extraction of charge carriers, and provide good isolation of perovskite layer, thus preventing its decomposition . There are many reports focused on the application of fullerenes and fullerene derivatives as ETLs for PSCs .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Engineering of the Fullerene‐Based Electron Transport Layer Materials for Improving Ambient Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2019

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It is known that the operation lifetime of perovskite solar cells can be extended by orders of magnitude if properly selected hole‐transport and electron transport layers provide good isolation for the perovskite absorber preventing evaporation of volatile species (e.g., photoinduced) from the active layer and blocking the diffusion of aggressive moisture and oxygen from the surrounding environment. Herein, a systematic study of a family of structurally similar fullerene derivatives as electron transport layer (ETL) materials for p‐i‐n perovskite solar cells is presented. It is shown that even minor modifications of the molecular structure of the fullerene derivatives have a strong impact on their electrical performance and, particularly, ambient stability of the devices. Indeed, an optimally functionalized fullerene derivative applied as an ETL enables stable operation of perovskite solar cells when exposed to air for >800 h, which is manifested in retention of 90% of the original photovoltaic performance. In contrast, the reference devices with phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester as the ETL degraded almost completely within less than 100 h of air exposure. Most probably, the side chains of the best‐performing fullerene ETL materials are filling the gaps between the carbon spheres, thus preventing the diffusion of oxygen and moisture inside the device.

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Electron‐Transport Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 153 publications

References 211 publications

Benefiting from Spontaneously Generated 2D/3D Bulk‐Heterojunctions in Ruddlesden−Popper Perovskite by Incorporation of S‐Bearing Spacer Cation

Benefiting from Spontaneously Generated 2D/3D Bulk‐Heterojunctions in Ruddlesden−Popper Perovskite by Incorporation of S‐Bearing Spacer Cation

Simple, Robust, and Going More Efficient: Recent Advance on Electron Transport Layer‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells

Molecular Engineering of the Fullerene‐Based Electron Transport Layer Materials for Improving Ambient Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

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