Electron spectroscopy. X-ray and electron excitation

Abstract

The present article is a review of the field of X-ray excited electron spectroscopy for the period 1972-73; it is the second review of this topic in the Analytical Chemistry Fundamental Reviews. The first review (1) covered the literature abstracted beginning with volume 69 of Chemical Abstracts through the December 16, 1971, issue. The present review covers all literature abstracted in Chemical Abstracts starting with the December 23, 1971, issue through the December 10, 1973, issue. The present article also contains a sampling of the literature on applications of Auger Spectroscopy. For the sake of brevity the term ESCA will be used to refer to X-ray excited photoelectron spectroscopy and AES for Auger electron spectroscopy in the present review.

Surface analysis: x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry

“…(1) The ambient environment needs a low residual reactive gas pressure. (2) The sample should be flat and preferably polished. It should also be amorphous and composed from materials of similar sputtering yield.…”

“…In addition to the protonated molecular ion, [HM]+, the SIMS spectra of organic molecules contain cationized species formed between the molecule and metal (alkali, transition or noble) ions from the substrate or impurities (C475, C477). Cooks and co-workers tested the cationizing ability of several metals with polar and nonpolar organic molecules and found that (1) the cationization yield varied for different metals and for metals in different charge states, (2) the site of attachment is dependent on the nature of the metal, and (3) the degree and type of fragmentation is dependent on the attachment site and the strength of the interaction between the metal atom and the organic molecule (C475, C477). Recent examples of cationization in SIMS include studies on amino acids (C475, C508-C511), organic acids (C512), and organic amines and amides (C477, C514).…”

Surface studies of mammalian cells grown in culture by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

“…Only the region less than 10 nm into the surface is analyzed; therefore, the technique is blind to substances situated more than a few nanometers below the surface. In a relatively brief time, a considerable number of experiments have applied XPS to the structural and analytical characterization of metals, refractory oxides, and polymer surfaces (30). The unique surface analysis capabilities of XPS have, however, been neglected as a method to study the surface of biological materials.…”

Electron spectroscopy: x-ray and electron excitation

“…The present review is for the fields of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) for the period of 1974-75; it is the third review of these topics in Analytical Chemistry (1,2). This review will cover literature abstracted in Chemical Abstracts starting with the December 23, 1973, issue through December 25, 1975, issue no.…”