Electron processes in discontinuous metal films

Borziak, P.G.; Kulyupin, Yu. A.; Tomchuk, P. M.

doi:10.1016/0040-6090(75)90303-x

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…19). Photons and electrons are emitted from the same emission centers [1,3], indicating that photon and electron emission happens simultaneously. It can be supposed that (i) by analogy with the photo effect, the electron emission is caused by photon absorption, (ii) by analogy with the inverse photo effect, photon emission is caused by absorbed electrons, or (iii) electron and photon emission occurs simultaneously as a result of the excitation process.…”

Section: Photon Emission From Metal Nanoparticles Excitation By Electmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to distinguish between these models, one may estimate the rate of electrons and photons emitted by an individual emission center. It turns out that an individual center can emit up to 10 10 -10 11 electrons and 10 9 photons per second in the visible spectral region [1]. The quantum yield of photoemission is usually in the range of fractions of percent and decreases upon approach to the threshold frequency.…”

Section: Photon Emission From Metal Nanoparticles Excitation By Electmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electric current through a metal nanoparticle film is not only accompanied by the emission of electrons but also of photons [1][2][3][4]. Centers of photon emission (light emission) may be observed with the naked eye in low-illuminated conditions.…”

Section: Photon Emission From Metal Nanoparticles Excitation By Electmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case when plotted log I e versus 1 ffiffiffi ffi W p , where W is electric power, gives a linear dependence, the electron emission is driven by electron gas heating. It is described by Richardson's law I e ¼ AT for electron gas temperature much higher than the lattice temperature T e >> T ph and A and a are constants [1]. On the other hand, the functional dependence described above is not an unequivocal proof in favor of other mechanisms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In each case, the emission mechanism depends on characteristic length scales of the nanoparticle. If the particle size is commensurate with it or is smaller, a size dependence of emission is observed [1][2][3]. Also, it is interesting that nanoparticles may demonstrate properties absent in bulk material.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Emission Properties of Metal Nanoparticles

Nepijko¹,

Elmers²,

Schönhense³

2015

Handbook of Nanoparticles

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Nanoparticles emit electrons and photons when they are excited by electron injection via electric current; electromagnetic radiation via microwave fields; laser radiation in infrared, visible and synchrotron (X-ray) ranges; and electron and ion bombardment. In each case, the emission mechanism depends on characteristic length scales of the nanoparticle. If the particle size is commensurate with it or is smaller, a size dependence of emission is observed [1][2][3]. Also, it is interesting that nanoparticles may demonstrate properties absent in bulk material. Electron Emission from Metal Nanoparticles Excitation by Electron InjectionExcitation by electron injection into nanoparticles via electron tunneling (electric current flow through an ensemble of tunnel-coupled metal nanoparticles on a dielectric substrate) is accompanied by electron emission [1][2][3][4]. Electron emission is observed as soon as the conductivity deviates from an ohmic behavior. Corresponding experiments are realized "in situ", e. g., when an ensemble of gold nanoparticles is deposited onto an insulating substrate directly in the column of a transmission electron microscope [5]. The main discussion in the literature concerning the mechanism of electron emission is connected with field emission [6] and electron gas heating [7]. In the first case, it is supposed that an electric field is strongly enhanced near nanoparticles and thus sufficient for field emission because of the small radius of curvature of nanoparticles. In the second case, the electron gas heating results from an attenuation of the electron-phonon interaction in nanoparticles. If the size is much smaller than the electron mean free path, the electrons execute a periodic motion within the particle without volume scattering and are reflected specularly from the boundaries. This oscillation has the frequency o ¼ ). The larger the frequency difference for electron and phonon subsystems, the less they exchange energy with one another. Experimental studies show that the electron-phonon interaction constant observed in ten nanometer-sized gold particles is several orders of magnitude lower than in the case of bulk material [8]. The energy fed into a nanoparticle under current excitation is absorbed by its electron subsystem. If the electron-phonon interaction is sufficiently attenuated, the electron subsystem temperature increases and electrons become heated, whereas the lattice remains relatively cold. The electron emission takes place under such conditions. Electron emission provoked by electron transport has been visualized using emission electron microscopy (EEM) [9][10][11]. Figure 1a-d shows a series of EEM images of a silver nanoparticle film (caesium was used to reduce the work function). The images have been acquired at different voltages applied between the contacts U f = 0 (a), 8 (b), 10 (c), and 11 V (d). The gap with a silver nanoparticle film between the silver contacts is 5 mm. Nanoparticle emissivity considerably differs because of the spread of the particle

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Section: Photon Emission From Metal Nanoparticles Excitation By Electmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photon Emission From Metal Nanoparticles Excitation By Electmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photon Emission From Metal Nanoparticles Excitation By Electmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emission Properties of Metal Nanoparticles

Nepijko¹,

Elmers²,

Schönhense³

2015

Handbook of Nanoparticles

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Correlation between current and induced emission processes in MIM diodes

Pagnia

Schnellbächer

Sotnik

1985

phys. stat. sol. (a)

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Bistable switching in electroformed metal–insulator–metal devices

Pagnia

Sotnik

1988

Phys. Stat. Sol. (a)

249

106

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Contents 1. Introduction 2. General behavior of m e m o r y switching MZM diodes 2.1 The MIM diode familyconfigurations and materials 2.2 I-U characteristics and switching 2.3 Different models describing switching 3. MZM diodes w i t h carbonaceous current paths 3.1 Definition of the particular class 3.2 Basic and adsorption-assisted electroforming 3.3 Current-voltage behavior 3.4 Bistable statesthe OFF and ON state conduction 3.5 Electron microscopical search for the current paths 3.6 Localizing the voltage drop in planar MIM diodes 4. External influences on switching 4.1 Studies of the regeneration processa two-stage mechanism 4.2 Search for the adsorbed species 4.3 Influence of partial pressure and residual gas composition on regeneration 4.4 Influence of gases with electronegative molecules 4.5 Influence of passive gas species on regeneration 4.6 Charged particle induced off switching 4.7 Can metal re-covering cause regeneration ' 2 5 . Memory effects and material inflzie~zce 5.1 Memory states 5.2 The regeneration threshold voltage 5.3 Material parameters and long-term stability l ) Schlol3gartenstr. 7, D-6100 Darmstadt, FRG. H. PACNIA and N. SOTNIH 6. Emission phenomena 6.1 Electron emission 6.2 Photon emission spectra 6.3 Correlation between switching events of the circulating current and the emis-6.4 Voltage pulse experiments sion processes 7 . Conclusions 7.1What is known about the carbonaceous filament switches ? 7.2 Application aspects and an outlook References the (closed) sandwich configuration. The whole structure is ope11 and directly accessible to the environmental gas atmosphere or the vacuum, which strongly affects the switching behavior. These structures are suitable also for electron microscope investigations. Of course, these advantages made i t possible to enlarge the state of information of the fundamental mechanisms significantly. Therefore, conclusions in this review shall mainly be based on results from planar diodes, not neglecting those from sandwich ones if suitable. General Behavior of Memory Switching MIM Diodes The MZM diode familyconfigurations and materialsThe usual method t o prepare a sandwich diode (Fig. l a ) is first to deposit a metal (or any other conductor) stripe on an insulating substrate (frequently of glassy consistence). This may be either oxidized or covered with an insulator (or any low conducting) material of thickness 5 nm to 1 pm (we shall not treat thinner samples,

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Electron processes in discontinuous metal films

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

Emission Properties of Metal Nanoparticles

Emission Properties of Metal Nanoparticles

Correlation between current and induced emission processes in MIM diodes

Bistable switching in electroformed metal–insulator–metal devices

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