Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals alterations in the redox state of endogenous copper and iron complexes in photodynamic stress-induced ischemic mouse liver

When healing turns into killing – the pathophysiology of pancreatic and hepatic fibrosis

“…Injured or dead hepatocytes release damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which amplify the inflammatory response and recruit macrophages and lymphocytes (Jakubowska et al., 2020; Lee & Friedman, 2020; Roehlen et al., 2020). High mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) is a DAMP protein secreted by the activated monocytes and macrophages, as well as by damaged hepatocytes (Scaffidi et al., 2002).…”

“…In the propagation phase, HSCs change morphologically into myofibroblast‐like cells characterised by the expression of α‐SMA (Lee & Friedman, 2020). This process can be facilitated by different cell types present in the liver, including infiltrating immune cells (Friedman, 2008; Jakubowska et al., 2020; Karlmark et al., 2009; Kiagiadaki et al., 2018; Thapa et al., 2015), or hepatocytes that release redox‐active species (Friedman, 2008; Wobser et al., 2009), lipid peroxides and cytokines (Lee & Friedman, 2011; Schwabe et al., 2020) (Fig. 3).…”

Synthesis of Novel Aqua ƞ4-NNNO/Cu(II) Complexes as Rapid and Selective Oxidative Catalysts for O-Catechol: Fluorescence, Spectral, Chromotropism and Thermal Analyses

“…The synthesized copper complexes were examined as catalytic oxidizers for o-catechol as a model substrate to o-benzoquinone employing hydrogen peroxide as an environmentally friendly oxidant as shown in Scheme 2. It is worth mentioning that plenty of sustainable catalytic oxidation reactions have been performed in the presence of molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as oxidants [31]. However, peroxide is largely used for having higher oxidation potential than oxygen [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

“…Other polar solvents, such as DMSO and DMF displayed high level of conversion under the same conditions (Entries 4,5). Increasing the temperature of catalytic conversion reaction from room temperature to 50 °C allowed an increase in the conversion rate and at the same time a reduction in reaction time by half (Trial 6), while the TOF was increased further by a factor of 10 at 70 It is worth mentioning that plenty of sustainable catalytic oxidation reactions have been performed in the presence of molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as oxidants [31]. However, peroxide is largely used for having higher oxidation potential than oxygen [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

“…Increasing the temperature of catalytic conversion reaction from room temperature to 50 °C allowed an increase in the conversion rate and at the same time a reduction in reaction time by half (Trial 6), while the TOF was increased further by a factor of 10 at 70 It is worth mentioning that plenty of sustainable catalytic oxidation reactions have been performed in the presence of molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as oxidants [31]. However, peroxide is largely used for having higher oxidation potential than oxygen [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Initially the catalytic oxidation of o-catechol to o-benzoquinone was perused using UV-Vis spectroscopy, in which in the recorded absorbance values at 358 nm of the o-benzoquinone were time dependent, measured every one minute for 20 min using complex 3 (Figure 11).…”