Electron microscopy study on the formation of ferromanganese crusts, western Pacific Magellan Seamounts

Yang, Kiho; Park, Hanbeom; Son, Seung Kyu; Baik, Hionsuck; Park, Kyeongryang; Kim, Jonguk; Yoon, Junbeom; Park, Chan Hong; Kim, Jin-Wook

doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2019.01.001

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Vernadite is formed by direct precipitation of Fe oxyhydroxide and Mn oxide on the substrate. It is evident that the Fe-Mn oxide precipitated on the FMP, which was confirmed by HR-XRD, formed via hydrogenesis, which is consistent with the mineralogical analysis of the outermost part of the ferromanganese deposits from the Magellan seamount cluster (Glasby, 2006;Yang et al, 2019).…”

Section: Hr-xrdsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Ferromanganese deposits are considered a closed system wherein seawater cannot not easily enter the center of the deposit. These deposits are formed at an extremely slow growth rate of several millimeters per million years; each layer reflects several paleo-environmental factors, such as the bottom current (Hein and Koschinsky, 2014), redox condition (Yang et al, 2019), and surface productivity (Jiang et al, 2019). These features are suitable for reconstructing paleoenvironments through ferromanganese deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemical-mineralogical analysis of ferromanganese oxide precipitated on porifera in the Magellan seamount, western Pacific

et al. 2023

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This study investigated ferromanganese oxide (Fe-Mn oxide) precipitated on porifera located on the tabletop of the Magellan seamount (OSM17, 1571 m depth) in the western Pacific. As the growth rate of Fe-Mn oxide is several mm/Myr and porifera skeletons are difficult to preserve posthumously, geochemical and mineralogical studies have not yet been conducted on this topic. Fe-Mn oxides from porifera have a morphological differentiation from general ferromanganese deposits because porifera act as substrates for the Fe-Mn oxide. The thickness of Fe-Mn oxide cannot be visually confirmed because it thinly precipitates on the skeletons of porifera. Therefore, high-resolution fluctuations are reflected in marine environmental factors, such as redox conditions and surface productivity over tens of thousands of years, compared to ferromanganese deposits representing tens of millions of years. Hence, the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics were investigated. Porifera skeletons were confirmed, displaying a stratified lattice-like structure, thickness of Fe-Mn oxide of up to 110 μm, and age of approximately 55,000 years. Irregular distribution of major elements of Fe-Mn oxide, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Co was due to the characteristics of the structures. The presence of Fe-vernadite, identified by quantitative and mineralogical analysis, indicates oxidative environmental conditions at the tabletop of OSM17. Biomineralization was identified by confirming the presence of Fe-Mn oxides with a globular, sheath-like structure. Because of its conservation state, species identification of porifera was not based on the shape of the spicule, but was confirmed to be Farrea occa. This study verified that the tabletop of OSM17 has been in an oxidative environment for approximately 55,000 years, and through species identification, high dissolved silica (DSi) concentrations provide appropriate conditions for Farrea occa to survive. The sample in this study can be used as a new indicator in paleo-environment research.

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Section: Hr-xrdsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical-mineralogical analysis of ferromanganese oxide precipitated on porifera in the Magellan seamount, western Pacific

et al. 2023

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“…A cobalt chronology was obtained in this study using Co contents (Table S4), which has been used extensively to estimate the growth rate and age of hydrogenetic nodules and crusts (Kim et al, ; Yang et al, ). The average growth rate of the two studied nodules is estimated to be 20.4 and 14.2 mm/Ma, with approximate ages of 1.3 and 2.3 Ma, respectively (Figure S5 and Table S5).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Quantification of Magnetofossils Within Abyssal Manganese Nodules From the Western Pacific Ocean and Implications for Nodule Formation

Jiang

Zhao

Chou

et al. 2020

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Abyssal manganese nodules have been explored widely for their economic potential and paleoenvironmental significance. Debate about whether biogenic or physical‐chemical processes are responsible for their formation remains because of difficulties in quantifying ancient microbiological contributions. To address this question, we investigated microbial fossils in manganese nodules from the western Pacific Ocean by integrating scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and synchrotron transmission X‐ray microscope observations. Our results suggest that the nodules host abundant fossil biogenic magnetite and manganese‐oxidizing bacteria. These organisms engage in redox reactions or live in environments with redox gradients. By combining magnetic properties and observations of fossil biogenic magnetite morphology, we estimate magnetofossil abundances and further assess fossil biogenic manganese oxide in nodules. Our results imply that manganese nodule formation appears to be dominated by biomineralization with an additional terrestrial contribution. Extensive biomineralization in ultralow‐productivity oceanic environments suggests that manganese nodule formation is an important aspect of biogeochemical cycling in abyssal seafloor environments.

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“…The seafloor is also a tremendous repository of minerals, trace metals, and rare earth elements. Their precipitation within polymetallic nodules across vast abyssal plains ( Figure 4a; Cho et al, 2018), in polymetallic crusts on seamounts ( Figure 4b; Yang et al 2019), and as apatite in phosphorite nod- Crosby and Bailey, 2012) is often mediated by microbes. Along with massive sulfides, precipitated at hydrothermal vents ( Figure 4d) when hot metal fluids encounter cold deep-sea waters, these crusts and nodules represent very large potential sources of copper, cobalt, nickel, lithium, silver, gold, tellurium, rare earth elements, and phosphate (Levin et al, 2016;Cuyvers et al, 2018).…”

Section: A Cornucopia Of Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability in Deep Water: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation

Levin¹

2019

Oceanog

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Electron microscopy study on the formation of ferromanganese crusts, western Pacific Magellan Seamounts

Cited by 11 publications

References 47 publications

Geochemical-mineralogical analysis of ferromanganese oxide precipitated on porifera in the Magellan seamount, western Pacific

Geochemical-mineralogical analysis of ferromanganese oxide precipitated on porifera in the Magellan seamount, western Pacific

Characterization and Quantification of Magnetofossils Within Abyssal Manganese Nodules From the Western Pacific Ocean and Implications for Nodule Formation

Sustainability in Deep Water: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation

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