Electron Microscopy and Diffraction

Abstract

The sections in this article are Introduction Imaging Electron Diffraction Electron Beam Microanalysis In Situ Electron Microscopy Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments

In situ/operando studies for the production of hydrogen through the water-gas shift on metal oxide catalysts

“…19 Under reaction conditions a catalyst can undergo chemical transformations that drastically modify its composition with respect to that obtained during the synthesis of the material. 19 In this perspective article, we show how a series of in situ techniques (X-ray diffraction, 18,20 pair-distribution-function analysis, 21 X-ray absorption fine structure, [22][23][24][25] transmission electron microscopy, 26,27 ambientpressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 28 and infrared spectroscopy [29][30][31] ) can be combined to perform detailed studies of the structural, electronic and chemical properties of different types of water-gas shift catalysts under reaction conditions. Many of the existing in situ techniques focus only on examining the properties of the catalyst, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] while others are better suited for studying the surface chemistry associated with the reaction process.…”

“…1 and, in practice, the active phase of a catalyst can range from crystalline to amorphous. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] In addition, when optimizing the performance of these types of WGS catalysts, one must know how the reactants, intermediates and products of the water-gas shift process interact with the active phase. 7,8,18 As we will show below, this type of knowledge can only be obtained through a systematic combination of different in situ characterization techniques.…”