Electron Microscopic Observations on the Development of Herpes Simplex Virus

Abstract

Electron microscopic study of the H.R. strain of herpes simplex virus in cells of the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (1) suggested that the virus differentiates within the nucleus, where particles possessing a central core and a single limiting membrane are randomly dispersed. In this earlier work the finding that ruptured nuclei were associated with large numbers of intracytoplasmic particles possessing double membranes appeared to be consistent with the hypothesis that the virus acquired a second membrane in the cytoplasm after release from the nucleus. However, cells in tissue culture infected with the H F E M strain of herpes simplex virus and examined by Stoker, Smith, and Ross (2) and herpes B virus examined by Reissig and Melnick (3) subsequently revealed intranuclear particles with double as well as single membranes, thus raising the possibility that development could be completed in the nucleus.Recently, a strain (J.M.) of herpes simplex virus was found to crystallize (4) in a manner analogous to the adenoviruses (5-9). Moreover, the nuclear membranes of cells infected by this strain frequently showed remarkable proliferation. The purposes of this paper are to illustrate and describe the viral crystals as well as the morphology of the cellular response to infection, and to propose an hypothesis concerning the manner of development and the mechanisms whereby virus may gain egress from intact cells. Materials and MetkodsHeLa cells were cultured in a medium consisting of Earle's balanced salt solution which contained 0.5 per cent lactalbumin hydrolysate, 0.25 per cent glucose, 0.1 per cent yeast extract, 0.3 per cent tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane and 20 per cent horse serum. Stable human amnionic cells were cultivated in Eagle's medium to which 20 per cent horse serum * These studies were

Envelopment of Human Cytomegalovirus Occurs by Budding into Golgi-Derived Vacuole Compartments Positive for gB, Rab 3, Trans-Golgi Network 46, and Mannosidase II

“…Mature virus particles are then transported within the cell in membrane vacuoles, which upon fusion with the plasma membrane release virions extracellularly. For example, coronaviruses and poxviruses bud at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) (28, 51), Bunyaviridae and rubella virus bud at the Golgi complex (36), and HSV has been suggested to bud at the inner nuclear membrane (8,31,55) or into cytoplasmic vacuoles (29). In the case of budding at the inner nuclear membrane, subsequent maturation of the herpesvirus particle is believed to take place during passage of virus particles through the ER (56) or the Golgi complex (24).…”

In situ Localization of the Major Capsid Protein during Lytic Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus

“…During the productive multiplication cycle of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), early observations at the electron microscopic level revealed that viral capsids are formed inside the nucleus (Morgan et al, 1959). Distinct stages in the nucleocapsid assembly process of HSV are still not well defined, but the capsid seems to be formed first, followed by insertion of viral DNA and later by acquisition of an envelope during passage through the inner nuclear membrane (Morgan et al, 1959;Nii et al, 1968 ;Roizman & Furlong, 1974). Up to now, very little is known about the intracellular traffic of viral proteins other than viral glycoproteins.…”

Cytoplasmic Domain Signal Sequences That Mediate Transport of Varicella-Zoster Virus gB from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi

“…Following envelopment at the inner nuclear membrane, the route taken by virions as they transit through and ultimately exit the cell is less certain and may vary between different herpesviruses (5,20,34). Regardless of the site at which the final envelope is acquired, however, the importance of proper glycoprotein transport and processing during egress has been demonstrated experimentally.…”