Electron energy transfer rates in the ionosphere

Stubbe, P.; Varnum, W. S.

doi:10.1016/0032-0633(72)90001-3

Cited by 82 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…From Eqs. (14)± (18) it follows that the analytical expression for v N 2 * was found by Stubbe and Varnum (1972) Fig. 1 as dashed-dotted and dashed lines.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…The energy transfer from electrons to neutral gases in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere is one of the dominant electron cooling processes in the ionosphere. The energy transfer rate from electrons to N 2 have been calculated and ®tted to analytical expressions by Stubbe and Varnum (1972) for vibrational excitation of N 2 . This cooling rate and the analytical expression are based on the N 2 vibrational cross sections of Schulz (1964) and Engelhard et al (1964).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The role of transitions between rotational levels of N 2 v 0 in the ionosphere was studied by Stubbe (1971) and Stubbe and Varnum (1972). Using the formula of Mentzoni and Row (1963) and rotational excitation cross sections given by Gerjuoy and Stein (1955) the rate of electron cooling through rotational excitation was approximated by analytical formula (Stubbe, 1971;Stubbe and Varnum, 1972) which is used in models of the ionosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the formula of Mentzoni and Row (1963) and rotational excitation cross sections given by Gerjuoy and Stein (1955) the rate of electron cooling through rotational excitation was approximated by analytical formula (Stubbe, 1971;Stubbe and Varnum, 1972) which is used in models of the ionosphere. Taking into account the comparison of theoretical and experimental cross sections given by Robertson et al (1997), this rate of electron cooling must be multiplied by a factor of 1.255 (see Appendix).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 are the calculated 0v for v 1±10 of N 2 v , and curves 2±9 of Fig. 2 (6), (11)] for the cooling rate due to N 2 v can be compared with those of Stubbe and Varnum (1972). From Eqs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New electron energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation of N<sub>2</sub>

Павлов¹

1998

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. In this paper we present the results of a study of the electron cooling rate, the production rates of vibrationally excited N 2 v , and the production frequency of the N 2 vibrational quanta arising from the collisions of electrons with unexcited N 2 0 and vibrationally excited N 2 1 molecules as functions of the electron temperature. The electron energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation of N 2 have been calculated and ®t to analytical expressions by use of the revised vibrationally excited N 2 cross sections. These new analytical expressions are available to the researcher for quick reference and accurate computer modeling with a minimum of calculations.

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“…From Eqs. (14)± (18) it follows that the analytical expression for v N 2 * was found by Stubbe and Varnum (1972) Fig. 1 as dashed-dotted and dashed lines.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 are the calculated 0v for v 1±10 of N 2 v , and curves 2±9 of Fig. 2 (6), (11)] for the cooling rate due to N 2 v can be compared with those of Stubbe and Varnum (1972). From Eqs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

New electron energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation of N<sub>2</sub>

Павлов¹

1998

Ann. Geophys.

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Extended lateral heating of the nighttime ionosphere by ground‒based VLF transmitters

et al. 2013

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[1] The effects of ground-based very low frequency (VLF) transmitters on the lower ionosphere are investigated. Controlled modulation experiments are performed with the 21.4 kHz, 424 kW VLF transmitter NPM in Lualualei, Hawaii, and physical effects of the NPM transmissions are studied with a subionospherically propagating VLF probe signal. Observed perturbations to the probe signal are consistent neither with expectations from transmitter-induced electron precipitation nor to off-path scattering from a concentrated heating region near the transmitter but rather appear to be the result of scattering from extended lateral heating of the ionosphere by the NPM transmitter. A large-scale computational modeling framework confirms theoretically that this form of ionospheric heating can account for the observed probe signal modulations, establishing that the lateral extent of ionospheric heating due to VLF transmitters is several thousand kilometers, significantly greater than previously recognized.

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Saturation effects of the lower ionosphere based on two‐dimensional HF heating model

Cheng

Guo

2017

JGR Space Physics

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This paper presents a two‐dimensional (2‐D) theoretical model of the lower ionospheric heating by high‐frequency (HF) electromagnetic waves. Compared with the traditional one‐dimensional model, we develop the half‐power width of the heating beam into the theoretical formulations, which dictates the 2‐D distribution characteristics of electron temperature and density perturbations; we also introduce the Sodankylä Ion Chemistry (SIC) model. Based on this numerical model, the saturation effect of ionospheric electron temperature and density is investigated, and simulation is performed by heating at a wave frequency of 6 MHz. Results show that because of energy absorption, the electron temperature peaks at 74 km, and the relative increment of electron density peaks at 94 km in the height direction. Conversely, both the maximum perturbations of electron temperature and density appear on the beam center in the horizontal direction. Second, the saturation time of electron temperature initially increases slowly and then rapidly with increased height. Meanwhile, the saturation time of electron density decreases with increased height. In the horizontal aspect, both the saturation time of electron temperature and density are symmetrical at approximately the position of the beam center owing to the initial Gaussian distribution. Electron temperature far from the beam center results in a long saturation time. Conversely, with increased distance from the beam center, the saturation time of electron density decreases.

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Electron energy transfer rates in the ionosphere

Cited by 82 publications

References 11 publications

New electron energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation of N<sub>2</sub>

New electron energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation of N<sub>2</sub>

Extended lateral heating of the nighttime ionosphere by ground‒based VLF transmitters

Saturation effects of the lower ionosphere based on two‐dimensional HF heating model

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Electron energy transfer rates in the ionosphere

Cited by 82 publications

References 11 publications

New electron energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

New electron energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;

Extended lateral heating of the nighttime ionosphere by ground‒based VLF transmitters

Saturation effects of the lower ionosphere based on two‐dimensional HF heating model

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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New electron energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation of N<sub>2</sub>

New electron energy transfer rates for vibrational excitation of N<sub>2</sub>