Abstract:The thermalization of electrons in copper nanoparticles embedded in glass is investigated using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy.The time dependent induced transmission is enhanced near the surface plasmon resonance of the nanoparticles, as opposed to the static one obtained with thermomodulation measurements.In addition, a slowing of the process of electron cooling to the lattice temperature is observed at the plasrnon resonance. These observations show the importance of quasiparticle collisions in confine… Show more
“…Here, we present the main different approaches and the most recent developments, before applying them in the last section to the determination of the role of some thermal effects in the nonlinear optical response of nanocomposites. 6263646566676869707172 The response of a nanocomposite medium to a laser pulse is ruled by a series of different mechanisms, each exhibiting its own dynamics [62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]: light energy absorption by electrons, redistribution within the conduction electron gas through electron-electron collisions, relaxation toward metal lattice by electron-phonon scattering, and then particle cooling down by heat transfer to the surrounding medium. Note that the short time domain of the relaxation -the first few picoseconds after excitation -has been widely investigated by several groups [62,65,68,70].…”
Section: Dynamics Of Thermal Exchanges In Nanocomposite Media Under Pmentioning
The optical response of materials based on gold nanoparticle assemblies depends on many parameters regarding both material morphology and light excitation characteristics. In this paper, the interplay between the optical and thermal responses of such media is particularly investigated under its theoretical aspect. Both conventional and original modeling approaches are presented and applied to concrete cases. We first show how the interaction of light with matrix-embedded gold nanoparticles can result in the generation of thermal excitations through different energy exchange mechanisms. We then describe how thermal processes can affect the optical response of a nanoparticle assembly. Finally, we connect both aspects and point out their involvement in the nonlinear optical response of nanocomposite media. This allows us to tackle two key issues in the field of third-order nonlinear properties of gold nanoparticles: The influence of the generalized thermal lens in the long laser pulse regime and the hot electron contribution to the gold particle intrinsic third-order susceptibility, including its spectral dispersion and intensity-dependence. Additionally, we demonstrate the possible significant influence of the heat carrier ballistic regime and phonon rarefaction in the cooling dynamics of an embedded gold nanoparticle subsequent to ultrafast pulsed laser excitation.
“…Here, we present the main different approaches and the most recent developments, before applying them in the last section to the determination of the role of some thermal effects in the nonlinear optical response of nanocomposites. 6263646566676869707172 The response of a nanocomposite medium to a laser pulse is ruled by a series of different mechanisms, each exhibiting its own dynamics [62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]: light energy absorption by electrons, redistribution within the conduction electron gas through electron-electron collisions, relaxation toward metal lattice by electron-phonon scattering, and then particle cooling down by heat transfer to the surrounding medium. Note that the short time domain of the relaxation -the first few picoseconds after excitation -has been widely investigated by several groups [62,65,68,70].…”
Section: Dynamics Of Thermal Exchanges In Nanocomposite Media Under Pmentioning
The optical response of materials based on gold nanoparticle assemblies depends on many parameters regarding both material morphology and light excitation characteristics. In this paper, the interplay between the optical and thermal responses of such media is particularly investigated under its theoretical aspect. Both conventional and original modeling approaches are presented and applied to concrete cases. We first show how the interaction of light with matrix-embedded gold nanoparticles can result in the generation of thermal excitations through different energy exchange mechanisms. We then describe how thermal processes can affect the optical response of a nanoparticle assembly. Finally, we connect both aspects and point out their involvement in the nonlinear optical response of nanocomposite media. This allows us to tackle two key issues in the field of third-order nonlinear properties of gold nanoparticles: The influence of the generalized thermal lens in the long laser pulse regime and the hot electron contribution to the gold particle intrinsic third-order susceptibility, including its spectral dispersion and intensity-dependence. Additionally, we demonstrate the possible significant influence of the heat carrier ballistic regime and phonon rarefaction in the cooling dynamics of an embedded gold nanoparticle subsequent to ultrafast pulsed laser excitation.
“…The number and energy of absorbed photons immediately establishes the temperature rise in a laser-irradiated metal, whereas the number of valence to conduction-band excitations establishes the initial density of electron-hole pairs in an insulator [20]. In a metal, the time between electron-electron collisions is of the order of 10 À14 -10 À13 s and electron-phonon relaxations are typically one to two orders of magnitude slower [21]. In non-metals, interband electronic excitations range from 10 À12 to 10 À6 s [20].…”
Section: Excimer-laser Treatment Of the Glass With Ion-implanted Metamentioning
Silver nanoparticles have been synthesised by ion implantation in soda-lime silicate glass at 60 keV at a dose of 7.0 Â 10 16 ion/cm 2 with a current density of 10 mA/cm 2 at a temperature of 501C. The size distribution of the metal particles was monitored by optical transmittance and reflectance registered from both the implant and rear face of the samples, together with atomic force microscopy measurements and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The differences between the data indicate the asymmetry in the size distribution with depth. Annealing of the glasses was made by pulses from a high-power KrF excimer laser. Pulsed laser treatment has been used at a wavelength of 248 nm and a pulse length of 25 ns. The laser was partially focused on the sample area to yield a pulse fluence, of 200 mJ/cm 2 . Several pulses of the equal energy density were accumulated in the same area of the sample. Changes induced by pulsed laser exposure suggest that there are both reductions in average size of the silver nanoparticles, and some longer range dissolution of silver into the glass. The treatments have reduced, but not removed evidence for a non-symmetric depth distribution of the silver particles. The present work discusses the possibilities of metal regrowth changes for control and modification of metal nanoparticle sizes. r
“…Take metals as an example, the fast relaxation time quickly brings the electrons to a new equilibrium or steady state after a perturbation [1][2][3]. Therefore, systems exhibiting long-time or persistent memory effects, for instance magnetic hysteresis [4], shape-memory materials [5], and memory-effect elements and circuitries [6,7], are considered interesting.…”
Dynamics of a system in general depends on its initial state and how the system is driven, but in many-body systems the memory is usually averaged out during evolution. Here, interacting quantum systems without external relaxations are shown to retain long-time memory effects in steady states. To identify memory effects, we first show quasi-steady state currents form in finite, isolated Bose and Fermi Hubbard models driven by interaction imbalance and they become steady-state currents in the thermodynamic limit. By comparing the steady state currents from different initial states or ramping rates of the imbalance, long-time memory effects can be quantified. While the memory effects of initial states are more ubiquitous, the memory effects of switching protocols are mostly visible in interaction-induced transport in lattices. Our simulations suggest the systems enter a regime governed by a generalized Fick's law and memory effects lead to initial-state dependent diffusion coefficients. We also identify conditions for enhancing memory effects and discuss possible experimental implications.
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