Electron diffraction study of one-dimensional crystals of fullerenes

Hirahara, Kaori; Bandow, Shunji; Suenaga, Kazu; Kato, H.; Okazaki, Toshiya; Shinohara, Hisanori; Iijima, Sumio

doi:10.1103/physrevb.64.115420

Cited by 178 publications

(215 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Interestingly, we found 0.7-0.8 nm separation for some C 59 N-der pairs (indicated by arrows in Fig. 2) in contrast to the ∼ 1 nm separation that is observed for encapsulated C 60 peapods [1,19]. Although the data does not allow to determine the precise configuration of the C 59 N-der pairs, neither gives an accurate measure of their separation, it might be attributed to the presence of the strongly polar side-group of C 59 N-der.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 47%

Encapsulating C₅₉N azafullerenes inside single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Simón

Kuzmany

Fülöp

et al. 2006

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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Filling of single-wall carbon nanotubes with C59N azafullerene derivatives is reported from toluene solvent at ambient temperature. The filling is characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The filling efficiency is the same as for C60 fullerenes and the tube-azafullerene interaction is similar to the tube-C60 interaction. Vacuum annealing of the encapsulated azafullerene results in the growth of inner tubes, however no spectroscopic signature of nitrogen built in the inner walls is detected.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 47%

Encapsulating C₅₉N azafullerenes inside single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Simón

Kuzmany

Fülöp

et al. 2006

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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“…4C. It is important to notice that the hexagon radial modes H g (3) and H g (4) show specific fingerprint changes after dimerization, such that the original lines split into lines at 710 ϩ 725 cm Ϫ1 and 754 ϩ 771 ϩ 779 cm Ϫ1 , respectively, due to formation of covalent bonds between C 60 molecules (arrows). This feature has not been observed in monomeric peapods but is in good agreement with the split in bulk C 60 dimers except for the line at 725 cm Ϫ1 , which might be derived from the H g (3) mode, and changed due to interaction between C 60 and SWNT.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such nanostructures are emerging as a class of nanoscale materials with tunable mechanical, electronic, thermal, and optical properties (2,3). In contrast to bulk C 60 crystals, C 60 inserted in SWNTs form monomeric linear chains in which each C 60 has only two nearest neighbors, as compared to 12 neighbors in crystalline bulk C 60 (4). As a result the intermolecular interactions in these self-assembled carbon nanostructures and the dynamic behavior of the encapsulated molecules are expected to be different from those in solid fullerenes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotational dynamics of confined C ₆₀ from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure

Zou

Liu

Wang

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Peapods present a model system for studying the properties of dimensionally constrained crystal structures, whose dynamical properties are very important. We have recently studied the rotational dynamics of C 60 molecules confined inside single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) by analyzing the intermediate frequency mode lattice vibrations using near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. The rotation of C 60 was tuned to a known state by applying high pressure, at which condition C60 first forms dimers at low pressure and then forms a single-chain, nonrotating, polymer structure at high pressure. In the latter state the molecules form chains with a 2-fold symmetry. We propose that the C 60 molecules in SWNT exhibit an unusual type of ratcheted rotation due to the interaction between C 60 and SWNT in the ''hexagon orientation,'' and the characteristic vibrations of ratcheted rotation becomes more obvious with decreasing temperature. molecular rotation ͉ peapods B ecause of its high symmetry and relatively weak intermolecular interactions, the fullerene C 60 presents a nearly ideal system for studying different crystal structures possible in onedimensionally constrained nanostructure systems, such as C 60 peapods [C 60 molecules inserted into single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)] (1). Such nanostructures are emerging as a class of nanoscale materials with tunable mechanical, electronic, thermal, and optical properties (2, 3). In contrast to bulk C 60 crystals, C 60 inserted in SWNTs form monomeric linear chains in which each C 60 has only two nearest neighbors, as compared to 12 neighbors in crystalline bulk C 60 (4). As a result the intermolecular interactions in these self-assembled carbon nanostructures and the dynamic behavior of the encapsulated molecules are expected to be different from those in solid fullerenes. It is well known that the solid C 60 crystallizes into a face centered cubic structure at room temperature, and the molecules perform nearly free rotations (5). For the peapods, recent theoretical simulations suggest that the C 60 s have two different orientations with low potential energy when they are trapped into SWNTs, the pentagonal and hexagonal orientations (6-8) with a pentagon and a hexagon perpendicular to the tube axis, respectively. Very recent experimental studies on peapods by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) suggest that the linear arrays of C 60 molecules still rotate inside SWNTs at room temperature, either showing quasi-free rotation or being dynamically disordered with high orientational mobility (9, 10). However, how the C 60 molecules rotate inside SWNTs, especially at room temperature, is still an interesting open question. It is not only necessary to search another effective experimental method to study the possible rotation of confined C 60 in detail, but also very important to study the rotation from a different perspective. Considering that C 60 rotates down to very low temperature, it would be helpful to employ other techniques to change the r...

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“…In addition to metal atoms, fullerenes have also been encapsulated inside single walled carbon nanotubes. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] High-resolution transmission electron microscopy ͑HR-TEM͒ images clearly show the encapsulations of various fullerenes, e.g., C 60 , C 70 , C 80 , and C 84 , as well as metallofullerenes, e.g., Gd@ C 82 and Sc 2 @C 84 inside single-walled nanotubes. These unusual structures occasionally called carbon peapods, can be classified as a new class of crystalline carbon with novel structural hierarchy: The structure of the peapods is characterized by an interesting combination of one-and zero-dimensional constituent units, i.e., carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energetics of carbon peapods: Elliptical deformation of nanotubes and aggregation of encapsulatedC60

Okada

2008

Phys. Rev. B

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The energetics of large diameter carbon nanotubes encapsulating C 60 molecules ͑peapods͒ have been studied by using the local density approximation in the density-functional theory ͑DFT͒. We find that the energy gain ascribed to the encapsulation of C 60 increases under the elliptical deformation of the nanotubes compared to that for the nanotubes with circular cross section. The energy cost of the deformation of nanotubes is found to be less than 10 meV per atom and is found to be the largest for the ͑20,20͒ nanotube. We also explore the energetics of the aggregation of encapsulated C 60 in the nanometer-scale space of the ͑10,10͒ nanotube. The total energy of the dimerized C 60 encapsulated in the ͑10,10͒ nanotube is lower by 0.2 eV per atom than that of the isolated C 60 indicating that the dimerization reaction is exothermic. The activation barrier for the dimerization of C 60 is about 1.4 eV, so that the spontaneous dimerization of C 60 is unlikely to take place without any external stimuli such as electron irradiation.

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Electron diffraction study of one-dimensional crystals of fullerenes

Cited by 178 publications

References 16 publications

Encapsulating C₅₉N azafullerenes inside single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Encapsulating C₅₉N azafullerenes inside single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Rotational dynamics of confined C ₆₀ from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure

Energetics of carbon peapods: Elliptical deformation of nanotubes and aggregation of encapsulatedC60

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Electron diffraction study of one-dimensional crystals of fullerenes

Cited by 178 publications

References 16 publications

Encapsulating C59N azafullerenes inside single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Encapsulating C59N azafullerenes inside single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Rotational dynamics of confined C 60 from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure

Energetics of carbon peapods: Elliptical deformation of nanotubes and aggregation of encapsulatedC60

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Encapsulating C₅₉N azafullerenes inside single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Encapsulating C₅₉N azafullerenes inside single‐wall carbon nanotubes

Rotational dynamics of confined C ₆₀ from near-infrared Raman studies under high pressure