Electron beams near surfaces: the concept of partial intensities for surface analysis and perspective on the low energy regime

Abstract

Electron beam techniques are indispensable tools for the analysis of surfaces in fundamental as well as applied fields of science and technology. Significant improvements have been made in the past decades in the quantitative understanding of electron spectra, particularly with respect to the near-surface transport of signal electrons. The concept of partial intensities is a simple approach providing physical insight into transport of electrons in solids, a numerically convenient means for spectrum modelling and an essential ingredient for spectrum interpretation. The energy-dissipation process of energetic electrons in solids is discussed from the perspective of the partial intensities, offering a unified model for any type of electron beam technique, be it in the quasi-elastic (QE) or the continuous slowing down (CSD) regime. Examples are given for modelling and analysis of electron spectra such as X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), Elastic peak electron spectra (EPES) and electron energy-loss spectra (EELS). The physical model as well as the quantities for electron beam interaction with solids are reviewed, and methods for spectrum modelling and analysis are presented. The examples considered demonstrate the high level of accuracy nowadays attainable for characterisation of surfaces and nanostructures employing techniques using medium energy electrons (>100 eV). This is in contrast to the low energy regime, where a number of problems prevent a similar level of understanding. The topic of low energy electrons (LEEs) is rapidly gaining importance since in this energy range the involved electrons not only act as signal carriers, but also actively participate in electrochemical processes of importance in fields ranging from nanotechnology to life sciences. Issues of future importance in the field of LEEs are discussed and recent developments such as the 2-dimensional electron cascade in the scanning field electron microscope are highlighted.

Electron-induced hydrogen desorption from selected polymers (polyacetylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, and polymethyl-methacrylate)

“…Berger et al [2] recoil nuclei propelled by ion beams Chatzidimitriou et al [3] neutron scattering experiments (H 2 O-D 2 O) Filippi and Calliari [4] H content measurement of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films Orosz et al [5] splitting into C and H elastic peaks (polyethylene) Orosz et al [5], Werner [6],…”

“…An accurate description of the shape of the experimental elastic peak can be achieved through Monte Carlo simulations of EPES, as demonstrated, for example, in references [6,10,13,14]. This approach proves highly effective in capturing the outcomes of many small-angle scattering events and allows us to easily investigate the effects of electron-beam-induced hydrogen desorption.…”

“…The intensity of the elastic peak is a result of the interaction between elastic and inelastic scattering processes, as discussed in [4]. Therefore, EPES serves as a technique for determining the electron inelastic mean free path (IMFP), as highlighted, for example, in [5,6].…”