Electron Beam‐Induced Current (EBIC) in solution‐processed solar cells

Abstract

Electron Beam-Induced Current (EBIC) measurements were used to produce 2D maps for investigating the homogeneity of solar cells. These maps are acquired by scanning the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope over a small area and using a programmable sample stage to move the solar cell under the scan area. The electron beam generates electron-hole pairs in the solar cell much like light does in normal solar cell operation. Solution-processed solar cells where the active layer consisted of purely inorganic or purely organic materials were measured. Since the electron beam irreversibly damages organic material, it was important to ensure that the measurements were made before the materials were altered.

Conductive Polymer Porous Film with Tunable Wettability and Adhesion

“…The material to be dried is frozen quickly at low temperature and then dried in a vacuum, in which the frozen water or other solvent molecules directly sublimate and escape as vapors [19,20,21,22]. In the P3HT:PCBM blend system, PCBM dispersed into the P3HT molecular chains, which made P3HT be in a disordered state.…”

“…Various fabrication techniques of porous materials have been developed, such as phase separation [8,9,10], emulsion templating [11,12], direct foaming [7,13], polymer foam replication [14,15], breath figures [16,17,18] and freeze drying [19,20,21,22]. Compared with other methods, freeze drying shows some advantages, such as large area preparation, with no need for further purification, and obtaining a number of pore morphologies and nanostructures by changing variables during freezing [22].…”

In Vitro and In Vivo Plant Growth Promoting Activities and DNA Fingerprinting of Antagonistic Endophytic Actinomycetes Associates with Medicinal Plants

“…The phenotypic characterization of the endophytic actinomycetes were based on cultural and morphological characteristics including colony colour and characteristics, aerial and substrate colour, spore mass colour, production of diffusible pigment and spore chain morphology according to Bergey`s manual of determinative bacteriology [ 25 ]. Field emission gun-Scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) was used for observation of the spore chain morphology for 10 d grown culture on ISP4 media [ 26 ]. The identification of the isolates was further confirmed by 16S rRNA gene amplifications sequencing.…”

Microwave assisted synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 colloidal nanoparticle inks

“…Solar cells utilizing solution based CZTS methods have achieved efficiencies ranging from 0.16 to 3.6% 7, 8, 35–44. The most efficient CZTS cells have been fabricated by incorporating selenium into the CZTS system 14, 45.…”