Electron and hole Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry

Jonckheere, Thibaut; Rech, Jérôme; Wahl, Claire; Martin, Thierry

doi:10.1103/physrevb.86.125425

Cited by 69 publications

(112 citation statements)

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“…In the adiabatic regime the wavepackets mimic those emitted by a contact driven by Lorentzian voltage pulses carrying a single electron followed by a single hole (note that, except for well separated electron and holes, the alternate charge prevents to have clean excitations [14]). More recently, considering the same system Jonckheere et al [13] have looked to similar HOM correlations and including the effect of electron and hole collisions. Their analysis used the quantum electron optics frame developed by Grenier et al [53,54].…”

Section: Energy Domain: Spectroscopy Of the E-h Pairs Excitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integer and fractional charge Lorentzian voltage pulses analyzed in the framework of photon-assisted shot noise

et al. 2013

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The periodic injection n of electrons in a quantum conductor using periodic voltage pulses applied on a contact is studied in the energy and time-domain using shot noise computation in order to make comparison with experiments. We particularly consider the case of periodic Lorentzian voltage pulses. When carrying integer charge, they are known to provide electronic states with a minimal number of excitations, while other type of pulses are all accompanied by an extra neutral cloud of electron and hole excitations. This paper focuses on the low frequency shot noise which arises when the pulse excitations are partitioned by a single scatterer in the framework of the Photo Assisted Shot Noise (PASN) theory. As a unique tool to count the number of excitations carried per pulse, shot noise reveals that pulses of arbitrary shape and arbitrary charge show a marked minimum when the charge is integer. Shot noise spectroscopy is also considered to perform energy-domain characterization of the charge pulses. In particular it reveals the striking asymmetrical spectrum of Lorentzian pulses. Finally, time-domain information is obtained from Hong Ou Mandel like noise correlations when two trains of pulses generated on opposite contacts collide on the scatterer. As a function of the time delay between pulse trains, the noise is shown to measure the electron wavepacket autocorrelation function for integer Lorentzian thanks to electron antibunching. In order to make contact with recent experiments all the calculations are made at zero and finite temperature. This paper addresses the noiseless injection of a small finite number of electrons in a quantum conductor. Indeed, quantum effects become more and more accessible when only few degrees of freedom are controlled. During the last thirty years, research in this direction has lead to the possibility to manipulate quantum states with several degrees of freedom and to entangle particles making possible simple quantum information processing. Up to now most advances have been obtained in quantum optics with the manipulation of single photons emitted by atoms or semiconductor quantum dots, and in atomic physics with optical arrays of trapped cold atoms or ions More recently the manipulation of quantum states has become available in condensed matter systems using superconducting circuits and semiconductor quantum dots.A recent approach is the manipulation of single charges injected in a quantum ballistic conductors. Realizations of time controlled single charge sources have been reported in [1][2][3][4][5] and considered theoretically in [6-13] with a particular focus on the energy resolved single electron source based on a quantum dot [1]. Injecting more than one electron requires a different practical approach which is the subject of this paper. We will consider the more general case of coherent trains of few undistinguishable electrons [14,15] which opens the way to entangle several quasi-particles but also to probe the full counting statistics [16] with a finite number of electrons...

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Section: Energy Domain: Spectroscopy Of the E-h Pairs Excitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Realizations of time controlled single charge sources have been reported in [1][2][3][4][5] and considered theoretically in [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] with a particular focus on the energy resolved single electron source based on a quantum dot [1]. Injecting more than one electron requires a different practical approach which is the subject of this paper.…”

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Integer and fractional charge Lorentzian voltage pulses analyzed in the framework of photon-assisted shot noise

et al. 2013

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“…The experimental implementation of high-speed singleelectron sources not relying on an electron-electron interaction [5][6][7][8][9] opens up perspectives for the development of quantum coherent electronics (or, as it is often referred to, electron quantum optics 10 ), an emerging field aimed at creation [11][12][13][14][15] , manipulation [16][17][18][19][20][21] , and transportation 22,23 of single to few particles wave-packets in the condensed matter. To characterize the coherence properties of a single-electrons state the few protocols were already suggested.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise of a single-electron emitter

Moskalets

2013

Phys. Rev. B

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I analyze the correlation function of currents generated by the periodically driven quantum capacitor emitting single electrons and holes into the chiral waveguide. I compare adiabatic and non-adiabatic, transient working regimes of a single-electron emitter and find the striking difference between the correlation functions in two regimes. Quite generally for the system driven with frequency Ω the correlation function depends on two frequencies, ω and Ω − ω, where is an integer. For the emitter driven non-adiabatically the correlation functions for different are similar and almost symmetric in ω. While in the case of adiabatic drive the correlation functions for = 0 are highly asymmetric in ω and exceed significantly the one corresponding to = 0. Under optimal operating conditions the correlation function for odd is zero.

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“…Since the voltage contacts are in local equilibrium, the expectation value of the c p operators is known, and in this way one obtains an expression for the noise correlator in terms of scattering matrix elements-an approach pioneered by Büttiker [39] and used recently to describe the electronic Hanbury Brown-Twiss and Hong-OuMandel experiments [40][41][42].…”

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Annihilation of Colliding Bogoliubov Quasiparticles Reveals their Majorana Nature

Beenakker

2014

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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The single-particle excitations of a superconductor are coherent superpositions of electrons and holes near the Fermi level, called Bogoliubov quasiparticles. They are Majorana fermions, meaning that pairs of quasiparticles can annihilate. We calculate the annihilation probability at a beam splitter for chiral quantum Hall edge states, obtaining a 1 AE cos ϕ dependence on the phase difference ϕ of the superconductors from which the excitations originated (with the AE sign distinguishing singlet and triplet pairing). This provides for a nonlocal measurement of the superconducting phase in the absence of any supercurrent. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.070604 PACS numbers: 05.60.Gg, 03.75.Lm, 74.45.+c, 74.78.Na Condensed matter analogies of concepts from particle physics are a source of much inspiration, and many of these involve superconductors or superfluids [1]. Majorana's old idea [2] that a spin-1=2 particle (such as a neutrino) might be its own antiparticle has returned [3] in the context of low-dimensional superconductors, inspiring an intense theoretical and experimental search for condensed matter realizations of Majorana fermions [4]. The search has concentrated on Majorana zero modes [5][6][7]-midgap states (at the Fermi level E ¼ 0) bound to a defect in a superconductor with broken spin-rotation and time-reversal symmetry (a so-called topological superconductor [8,9]). The name Majorana zero mode (or Majorino [10]) is preferred over Majorana fermion, since they are not fermions at all but have a non-Abelian exchange statistics [11].Majorana fermions, in the original sense of the word, do exist in superconductors. In fact they are ubiquitous: the time-dependent four-component Bogoliubov-de Gennes wave equation for quasiparticle excitations (so-called Bogoliubov quasiparticles) can be brought to a real form by a 4 × 4 unitary transformation U [12], in direct analogy to the real Eddington-Majorana wave equation of particle physics [2,13]. A real wave equation implies the linear relation Ψ † ðr; tÞ ¼ UΨðr; tÞ between the particle and antiparticle field operators, which is the hallmark of a Majorana fermion. As argued forcefully by Chamon et al. [14], fermionic statistics plus superconductivity by itself produces Majorana fermions, irrespective of considerations of dimensionality, topology, or broken symmetries.Here we propose an experiment to probe the Majorana nature of Bogoliubov quasiparticles in conventional, nontopological, superconductors. Existing proposals apply to topological superconductors [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], where Majorana fermions appear as charge-neutral edge states with a distinct signature in DC transport experiments. In contrast, the Bogoliubov quasiparticles of a nontopological superconductor have charge expectation valueq ≠ 0, so their Majorana nature remains hidden in the energy domain probed by DC transport.It is in the time domain that the wave equation takes on a real form and that particle and antiparticle operators are linearly related. We will show that...

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Electron and hole Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry

Cited by 69 publications

References 24 publications

Integer and fractional charge Lorentzian voltage pulses analyzed in the framework of photon-assisted shot noise

Integer and fractional charge Lorentzian voltage pulses analyzed in the framework of photon-assisted shot noise

Noise of a single-electron emitter

Annihilation of Colliding Bogoliubov Quasiparticles Reveals their Majorana Nature

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