Electromyography of the Inferior Constrictor and Cricopharyngeal Muscles during Swallowing

Elidan, Josef; Gonen, B; Shochina, Mara; Gay, Isaac

doi:10.1177/000348949009900610

Cited by 41 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The caudal NMC of the IPC and the cricopharyngeus muscle are located below the opening of the larynx, and their continuous closure could prevent air from entering the esophagus during inspiration. The large population of fast-twitch fibers in the rostral NMC of the IPC could be responsible mainly for the rapid and forceful contraction during swallowing, as demonstrated by electrophysiological studies (Basmajian and Dutta, 1961a;Elidan et al, 1990).…”

Section: Nmcs Within the Human Ipc Musclementioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is well recognized that the IPC plays an important role in upper-airway functions during swallowing (Basmajian and Dutta, 1961a;Kawasaki et al, 1964;Elidan et al, 1990), respiration (Rowe et al, 1984;Sherrey et al, 1986;Praud et al, 1996;O'Halloran et al, 1999;Feroah et al, 2000), and voice production (Ueda et al, 1972;Shin et al, 1981).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During swallowing, the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, including the IPC (as demonstrated by electromyography) (Basmajian and Dutta, 1961a;Kawasaki et al, 1964;Elidan et al, 1990), contract to drive bolus material downward to the esophagus. Manometric studies suggested that the IPC may also tonically contract as part of the functional upper esophageal sphincter (UES) (Palmer, 1976;Asoh and Goyal, 1978).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Neuromuscular compartments and fiber‐type regionalization in the human inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Sanders

2001

Anat. Rec.

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The inferior pharyngeal constrictor (IPC) muscle functions during swallowing, respiration, and vocalization. The most-caudal portion of the IPC is believed to be part of the functional upper esophageal sphincter (UES). We hypothesized that the caudal fibers of the human IPC may have enzyme-histochemical characteristics similar to those of the cricopharyngeus muscle, a major component of the UES. In this study, human IPC muscles obtained from autopsy were studied using Sihler's stain to examine innervation patterns, and using myofibrillar ATPase, NADH tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) techniques to investigate the distribution and oxidative capacity of the slow-(type I) and fast-(type II) twitch fibers in the muscle. The results showed that the human IPC consists of at least two neuromuscular compartments (NMCs): rostral and caudal. Each of the NMCs was innervated by a separate nerve branch derived from the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve. The rostral NMC is faster (39% type I, 61% type II) than the caudal NMC (70% type I, 30% type II). In addition, two histochemically-delineated fiber layers were identified in the human IPC: a slow inner layer (SIL) with predominantly type I fibers (66%), and a fast outer layer (FOL) with predominantly type II fibers (62%) (P Ͻ 0.01). However, the dimensions of both fiber layers and proportions of the muscle fiber types varied with the NMCs. Specifically, the ratio of the thickness of the SIL to FOL was ϳ2:1 for the caudal NMC and ϳ1:2 for the rostral NMC, respectively. In the SIL the type I fibers accounted for 84% for the caudal NMC and 69% and 44% for the lower and upper portions of the rostral NMC. In contrast, the type II fibers in the FOL accounted for 46% for the caudal NMC and 67% and 74% for the lower and upper portions of the rostral NMC, respectively (P Ͻ 0.01). The caudal NMC of the IPC shared histochemical characteristics with the cricopharyngeus muscle, in that it contained predominantly slow oxidative fibers. Overall, the caudal NMC and the SIL in the IPC had high NADH-TR and SDH activities. However, different patterns of oxidative enzyme activity were identified in both type I and type II fibers. This study provided histochemical evidence for the concept that the caudal NMC within the IPC contributes to the functional UES. In addition, the two histochemically-defined fiber layers in the IPC may be a specialized adaptation in humans to enable different upper-airway functions during respiration, swallowing, and speech. Anat

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Section: Nmcs Within the Human Ipc Musclementioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Neuromuscular compartments and fiber‐type regionalization in the human inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Sanders

2001

Anat. Rec.

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“…(J Histochem Cytochem 55:199-207, 2007) K E Y W O R D S upper esophageal sphincter cricopharyngeus muscle inferior pharyngeal constrictor upper esophagus fiber types myosin heavy chain isoforms immunocytochemistry immunoblotting swallowing UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (UES) is a functional entity composed of the cricopharyngeus (CP), the most inferior part of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor (iIPC), and the upper esophagus (UE) (for review, see Sanders 2001,2002). Normally, the UES is collapsed and exhibits sustained muscle activity in the resting state (Elidan et al 1990;Lang et al 1991); it only relaxes and opens during swallowing, vomiting, and belching (Kahrilas et al 1986;Elidan et al 1990;Lang et al 1991Lang et al ,1993. The UES has many unique characteristics including tonic activity, high degree of elasticity, and predominant slow-twitch fibers.…”

Section: S U M M a R Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the functional implications of both fiber layers in the UES remain unknown. Previous electromyographic (EMG) studies demonstrated that the UES is active during swallowing (Shipp et al 1970;Elidan et al 1990), respiration (Kawasaki and Takenouchi 1964), and speech (Baer et al 1976). Unfortunately, no studies were designed to perform EMG recordings from each of the fiber layers.…”

Section: The Journal Of Histochemistry and Cytochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Human Upper Esophageal Sphincter Contains Specialized Muscle Fibers Expressing Unusual Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms

Wang

et al. 2006

J Histochem Cytochem.

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New Jersey (IS)S U M M A R Y The functional upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is composed of the cricopharyngeus muscle (CP), the most inferior part of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor (iIPC), and the upper esophagus (UE). This sphincter is collapsed and exhibits sustained muscle activity in the resting state; it only relaxes and opens during swallowing, vomiting, and belching. The tonic contractile properties of the UES suggest that the skeletal muscle fibers in this sphincter differ from those in the limb and trunk muscles. In this study, myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition in the adult human UES muscles obtained from autopsies was investigated using immunocytochemical and immunoblotting techniques. Results showed that the adult human UES muscle fibers expressed unusual MHC isoforms such as slow-tonic (MHC-ton), a-cardiac (MHC-a), neonatal (MHC-neo), and embryonic (MHC-emb), which coexisted with the major MHCs (i.e., MHCI, IIa, and IIx). MHC-ton and MHC-a were coexpressed predominantly with slow-type I MHC isoform, whereas MHC-neo and MHC-emb coexisted mainly with fast-type IIa MHC. A slow inner layer (SIL) and a fast outer layer (FOL) in the iIPC and CP were identified immunocytochemically. MHC-ton-and MHC-a-containing fibers were concentrated mainly in the SIL, whereas MHC-neo-and MHC-emb-containing fibers were distributed primarily to the FOL. Identification of the specialized muscle fibers and their distribution patterns in the adult human UES is valuable for a better understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological behaviors of the sphincter.(J Histochem Cytochem

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Topographic description of an alternative insertion technique for percutaneous approach of cricopharyngeus muscle electromyography: A cadaveric and clinical study

Akkın

Alkan²,

Yiğit³

et al. 2012

Head & Neck

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Electromyography of the Inferior Constrictor and Cricopharyngeal Muscles during Swallowing

Cited by 41 publications

References 8 publications

Neuromuscular compartments and fiber‐type regionalization in the human inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Neuromuscular compartments and fiber‐type regionalization in the human inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Adult Human Upper Esophageal Sphincter Contains Specialized Muscle Fibers Expressing Unusual Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms

Topographic description of an alternative insertion technique for percutaneous approach of cricopharyngeus muscle electromyography: A cadaveric and clinical study

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