Electromyographic Characteristics of the Learning Process of Walking in Normal Infants and Children

Okamoto, Kayoko; Okamoto, Takuji; Yamashita, Hideaki; Ogawa, Ryokei; Tsutsumi, Hiromi; Okamoto, Emi; Maruyama, Hirotake; Tokuhara, Yasuhiko; Kazai, Nobuyuki; Goto, Yukihiro

doi:10.1007/978-4-431-68272-1_22

Cited by 5 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…In stance phase, the TA showed strong activity not usually seen except at the beginning and end of the phase in the adult. This discharge pattern was also similar to that seen in the first month of independent walking by a baby 9,10) . This activity might be interpreted as an effort to maintain balance with the toes gripping the surface.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…In the latter half of swing phase, the VM and LG showed activities not ordinarily seen in the adult. These discharge patterns were similar to those seen at the onset of very unstable independent walking in early child development 9,10) . That is, activity of the VM is observed in the latter half of swing phase until about one month after first learning to walk, whereas activity from the LG in the latter half of swing phase continues until about two or three months after learning to walk.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…This activity might be interpreted as an effort to maintain balance with the toes gripping the surface. The LG also exhibited strong activity not seen at the beginning of the phase in normal adult gait, similar to what occurs in small children until around 3 years of age 9,10) . Since the cocontraction of the TA and LG in stance phase decreases or disappears in stable supported walking of a baby 9) and the patient (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…That is, activity of the VM is observed in the latter half of swing phase until about one month after first learning to walk, whereas activity from the LG in the latter half of swing phase continues until about two or three months after learning to walk. As Okamoto et al 9,10) have pointed out, these patterns may be considered to come from the knee extending and the ankle plantarflexing to prevent falling. These excessive muscular activities decrease or disappear when the child is given external support 9) , so these EMG patterns in the latter half of swing phase suggest unstable walking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have studied EMG activity in normal infants from the time they first walk independently until they display adult-like walking patterns [8][9][10] . We have become able to determine signs of unstable walking from EMG activity patterns based on the developmental process of normal infants ( Table 1, unpublished).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromyographic Case Study of Recovery of Walking in an Elderly Man after Cerebral Infarction.

Okamoto¹,

Okamoto

Ogawa

1998

J Phys Ther Sci

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To study the recovery of walking in an 85 year old man who had right hemiplegia after suffering a cerebral infarction, electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from his leg muscles. We used signs for instability that we derived from EMG patterns seen in the developmental process of normal infants. The myoelectric activity at one month after the stroke showed many patterns indicative of unstable walking, closely resembling activity patterns seen in very unstable independent gait of a one year old baby in the first month of learning to walk. Seven months later, these patterns indicating unstable gait tended to have decreased or disappeared, although some marked activity betraying instability still remained. However, when the patient walked with the support of a hand cart and was able to hold his trunk upright, these excessive muscular activities decreased or disappeared, closely resembling the stable adult walking pattern. We recommend further study of the evaluation of recovery of walking after stroke by comparing the patient's EMG patterns to those not only of normal adult human gait, but also of the development of human walking in early childhood.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Electromyographic Case Study of Recovery of Walking in an Elderly Man after Cerebral Infarction.

Okamoto¹,

Okamoto

Ogawa

1998

J Phys Ther Sci

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Development of bipedal walking in olive baboons, Papio anubis: A kinematic analysis

Druelle

Özçelebi

Marchal³

et al. 2021

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objective: Although extant nonhuman primates are not habitual bipeds, they are able to walk bipedally from an early age. In humans, children improve their walking skills through developmental processes and learning experience. In nonhuman primates, infants do not routinely experience bipedalism and their musculoskeletal system gradually specializes for other locomotor modes. The aim of this study is to explore the development of occasional bipedal walking in olive baboon and to test whether the postural adjustments change with age. Materials and Methods:We collected kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters of bipedal gait in an ontogenetic sample of 24 baboons. Data were collected at the primatology station of the CNRS (France) and a total of 47 bipedal strides were extracted for the present analysis.Results: Adults and adolescents walk bipedally in the same way, and the average kinematic pattern is similar across the age-classes. Infants walk bipedally with longer duty factor, they present larger movement amplitude of the thigh and the amplitude of the knee joint decreases with speed. In contrast, older baboons increase the amplitude of the knee and ankle joints with speed.Discussion: In a non-adapted biped, the postural adjustments of bipedal walking vary with age. In infant baboons, the balance requirements are likely to be higher and these are solved by adopting a "blocking strategy". In older baboons, the postural adjustments are focused on the lower limb and the movements increase with speed.These results may echo, in some respects, the developmental sequence of the intersegmental coordination described in the ontogeny of human locomotion.

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An Index of Gait Instability Based on Electromyographic Findings during the Development of Gait.

Okamoto

Andrew

et al. 1998

J Phys Ther Sci

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To develop an index of gait instability from electromyographic information, we made observations on infants from the time they first began to walk independently at about one year of age until around three years of age. From our findings we obtained the following criteria. (1) Very unstable gait: As seen in a child within the first month of learning to walk the vastus medialis is active in the latter half of swing phase, the tibialis anterior and rectus femoris are active during stance phase, and activity of the vastus medialis is continuous. These electromyographic characteristics are not usually seen in subsequent childhood gait or in adult gait, and they serve as markers of very unstable gait. (2) Unstable gait: Activity of the gastrocnemius in the latter half of swing phase is generally noted only within the first three months after a child learns to walk, and that activity is interpreted as a sign of unstable gait. (3) Slightly unstable gait: Activity of the gastrocnemius in the first half of stance phase and continuous activities of the biceps femoris and gluteus maximus from initial contact with the floor until push off are found in children until three years of age. These activities are considered electromyographic markers of slightly unstable gait.

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Electromyographic Characteristics of the Learning Process of Walking in Normal Infants and Children

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Electromyographic Case Study of Recovery of Walking in an Elderly Man after Cerebral Infarction.

Electromyographic Case Study of Recovery of Walking in an Elderly Man after Cerebral Infarction.

Development of bipedal walking in olive baboons, Papio anubis: A kinematic analysis

An Index of Gait Instability Based on Electromyographic Findings during the Development of Gait.

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