Electromembrane extraction (EME)—an easy, novel and rapid extraction procedure for the HPLC determination of fluoroquinolones in wastewater samples

Ramos‐Payán, María; Villar-Navarro, Mercedes; Fernández‐Torres, Rut; Mochón, M. Callejón; Bello‐López, Miguel Ángel

doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6664-5

Cited by 49 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 56 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For practical work, EME is normally performed at the optimal voltage. Frequently, extraction recoveries are observed to decrease above the optimal voltage (as exemplified in ), and this is probably due to excessive electrolysis or instability of the SLM at high voltages.…”

Section: Mass Transfer In Eme From An Experimental Point Of Viewmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mass transfer in electromembrane extraction—The link between theory and experiments

Huang

Jensen

Seip

et al. 2015

J of Separation Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electromembrane extraction was introduced in 2006 as a totally new sample preparation concept for the extraction of charged analytes present in aqueous samples. Electromembrane extraction is based on electrokinetic migration of the analytes through a supported liquid membrane and into a μL-volume of acceptor solution under the influence of an external electrical field. To date, electromembrane extraction has mostly been used for the extraction of drug substances, amino acids, and peptides from biological fluids, and for organic micropollutants from environmental samples. Electromembrane extraction has typically been combined with chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrophoresis for analyte separation and detection. At the moment, close to 125 research papers have been published with focus on electromembrane extraction. Electromembrane extraction is a hybrid technique between electrophoresis and liquid-liquid extraction, and the fundamental principles for mass transfer have only partly been investigated. Thus, although there is great interest in electromembrane extraction, the fundamental principle for mass transfer has to be described in more detail for the scientific acceptance of the concept. This review summarizes recent efforts to describe the fundamentals of mass transfer in electromembrane extraction, and aim to give an up-to-date understanding of the processes involved.

show abstract

Section: Mass Transfer In Eme From An Experimental Point Of Viewmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…. However, deviations from the theoretical behavior are often observed in experimental work, by a drop in recovery for longer extraction times (as exemplified in ). The principal reason for this is expected to be pH changes in the acceptor and sample due to electrolysis .…”

Section: Mass Transfer In Eme From An Experimental Point Of Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass transfer in electromembrane extraction—The link between theory and experiments

Huang

Jensen

Seip

et al. 2015

J of Separation Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The volumetric donor‐to‐acceptor solution ratio in most LPME experiments ranges between several tens to several hundreds, and to increase the probability of species to come in contact with membrane, one may need stirring or agitation . Stirring of donor solution increases diffusion of analytes by speeding up the mass transfer in the solution by reducing the thickness of Nernst's diffusion film around the interface between the sample solution and supported liquid membrane (SLM) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the continuous flow of the sample solution on the performance of electromembrane extraction: Comparison with conventional procedure

Nojavan

Sirani

Asadi

2017

J of Separation Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, electromembrane extraction from a flowing sample solution, termed as continuous-flow electromembrane extraction, was developed and compared with conventional procedures for the determination of four basic drugs in real samples. Experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were further studied and optimized. Under optimum conditions, linearity of continuous-flow procedure was within 8.0-500 ng/mL, while it was wider for conventional procedures (2.0-500 ng/mL). Moreover, repeatability (percentage relative standard deviation) was found to range between 5.6 and 10.4% (n = 3) for the continuous-flow procedure, with a better repeatability than that of conventional procedures (2.3-5.5% (n = 3)). Also, for the continuous-flow procedure, the estimated detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) was less than 2.4 ng/mL and extraction recoveries were within 8-10%, while the corresponding figures for conventional procedures were less than 0.6 ng/mL and 42-60%, respectively. Thus, the results showed that both continuous flow and conventional procedures were applicable for the extraction of model compounds. However, the conventional procedure was more convenient to use, and thus it was applied to determine sample drugs in real urine and wastewater samples.

show abstract

“…Analyses performed with LC‐MS and both LC‐UV both typically yielded sub‐nM to ×10 2 nM detection limits, which is surprising, as MS is generally considered more sensitive than UV detection. One EME‐LC‐UV method managed to achieve remarkably low sub‐nM detection limits using UV. The majority of the EME and EE work was applied to drug compounds or relatively hydrophobic compounds, such as aromatic amino acids [21], azo red dyes [22], herbicides [23], and volatile organic compound metabolites [24, 25].…”

Section: Hyphenation Of Eme and Ee: An Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroextraction and electromembrane extraction: Advances in hyphenation to analytical techniques

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electroextraction (EE) and electromembrane extraction (EME) are sample preparation techniques that both require an electric field that is applied over a liquid‐liquid system, which enables the migration of charged analytes. Furthermore, both techniques are often used to pre‐concentrate analytes prior to analysis. In this review an overview is provided of the body of literature spanning April 2012–November 2015 concerning EE and EME, focused on hyphenation to analytical techniques. First, the theoretical aspects of concentration enhancement in EE and EME are discussed to explain extraction recovery and enrichment factor. Next, overviews are provided of the techniques based on their hyphenation to LC, GC, CE, and direct detection. These overviews cover the compounds and matrices, experimental aspects (i.e. donor volume, acceptor volume, extraction time, extraction voltage, and separation time) and the analytical aspects (i.e. limit of detection, enrichment factor, and extraction recovery). Techniques that were either hyphenated online to analytical techniques or show high potential with respect to online hyphenation are highlighted. Finally, the potential future directions of EE and EME are discussed.

show abstract

Electromembrane extraction (EME)—an easy, novel and rapid extraction procedure for the HPLC determination of fluoroquinolones in wastewater samples

Cited by 49 publications

References 56 publications

Mass transfer in electromembrane extraction—The link between theory and experiments

Mass transfer in electromembrane extraction—The link between theory and experiments

Investigation of the continuous flow of the sample solution on the performance of electromembrane extraction: Comparison with conventional procedure

Electroextraction and electromembrane extraction: Advances in hyphenation to analytical techniques

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About