Electromechanical Piezoresistive Sensing in Suspended Graphene Membranes

Smith, Anderson David; Niklaus, Frank; Paussa, Alan; Vaziri, Sam; Fischer, Andreas; Sterner, Mikael; Forsberg, Fredrik; Delin, Anna; Esseni, D.; Palestri, Pierpaolo; Östling, Mikael; Lemme, Max C.

doi:10.1021/nl401352k

Cited by 350 publications

(374 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…1 In particular, graphene exhibits striking mechanical stiffness (with 1 TPa Young's modulus), ultrathin structure (down to a single atomic layer) and exceptional robustness (stretchable up to 20%), which make it an ideal platform for NEMS. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In the context of NEMS, electromechanical coupling is an important and highly desirable property. Among the various coupling methods, the piezoelectric effect, in which a material becomes electrically polarized under external strain, is the most popular method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of a giant two-dimensional band-piezoelectric effect on biaxial-strained graphene

et al. 2015

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Piezoelectric materials used in the development of nanoscale mechanical sensors, actuators and energy harvesters have received much attention. More recently, devices made of graphene are of particular interest because of graphene's intriguing electronic and mechanical properties. Intrinsic graphene has long been considered devoid of the piezoelectric effect, although flexoelectricity has been exploited to demonstrate piezoelectricity in functionalized graphene and graphene nanoribbons. The perceived lack of this property has restricted graphene's use in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) for electromechanical coupling purposes. Here an unprecedented two-dimensional (2D) piezoelectric effect on a strained/unstrained graphene junction is reported. In stark contrast to the bulk piezoelectric effect that results from the occurrence of electric dipole moments in solids, the 2D piezoelectric effect arises from the charge transfer along a work function gradient introduced by the biaxial-strainengineered band structure. The observed effect, termed the band-piezoelectric effect, exhibits an enormous magnitude due to the ultrathin structure of graphene. On the basis of the band-piezoelectric effect, a graphene nanogenerator and a pressure gauge were fabricated. The results not only provide a versatile NEMS platform for sensing, actuating and energy harvesting, but also pave the way for efficiently modulating graphene via strain engineering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of a giant two-dimensional band-piezoelectric effect on biaxial-strained graphene

et al. 2015

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“…Simultaneously, under tensile strain, monolayer WSe 2 remains a direct bandgap material with a bandgap decrease rate of $8 meV/% and multilayer WSe 2 undergoes an indirect to direct bandgap transition, 20 while monolayer MoS 2 shows a direct to indirect bandgap transition with a higher bandgap decrease rate of $45 meV/% (PL intensity decreases rapidly with strain). 21 Since the strain induced bandgap change will influence the resistivity of 2D materials, 22 the smaller rate of bandgap change under strain of 2D WSe 2 makes it a great contender for flexible electronic/optoelectronic device applications. Although a lot of research has been done to study the electrical and optical properties of the 2D TMDs, [23][24][25][26][27][28] the investigations relevant to quantifying their mechanical properties experimentally (MoS 2 29-31 and WS 2 31 ) are still quite few.…”

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confidence: 99%

Elastic properties of suspended multilayer WSe2

Zhang

Koutsos

Cheung

2016

Applied Physics Letters

141

113

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We report the experimental determination of the elastic properties of suspended multilayer WSe2, a promising two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting material combined with high optical quality. The suspended WSe2 membranes have been fabricated by mechanical exfoliation of bulk WSe2 and transfer of the exfoliated multilayer WSe2 flakes onto SiO2/Si substrates pre-patterned with hole arrays. Then, indentation experiments have been performed on these membranes with an atomic force microscope. The results show that the 2D elastic modulus of the multilayer WSe2 membranes increases linearly while the prestress decreases linearly as the number of layers increases. The interlayer interaction in WSe2 has been observed to be strong enough to prevent the interlayer sliding during the indentation experiments. The Young's modulus of multilayer WSe2 (167.3 ± 6.7 GPa) is statistically independent of the thickness of the membranes, whose value is about two thirds of other most investigated 2D semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides, namely, MoS2 and WS2. Moreover, the multilayer WSe2 can endure ∼12.4 GPa stress and ∼7.3% strain without fracture or mechanical degradation. The 2D WSe2 can be an attractive semiconducting material for application in flexible optoelectronic devices and nano-electromechanical systems.

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“…This provides an access to intrinsic properties of graphene such as the intrinsic carrier mobility [1], mechanical strength [2] and thermal conductivity [3]. From the application point of view, multiple possible applications of suspended graphene have been proposed, among them are electromechanical resonators [4], electromechanical switchers [5], nanocantilever sensors [6], piezoresistive pressure sensors [7], capacitive pressure sensors [8], and capacitors with memory [9,10] (memcapacitors [11]) [39].…”

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confidence: 99%

Kinks and antikinks of buckled graphene: A testing ground for the φ4 field model

2017

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Kinks and antikinks of the classical φ 4 field model are topological solutions connecting its two distinct ground states. Here we establish an analogy between the excitations of a long graphene nanoribbon buckled in the transverse direction and φ 4 model results. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the dynamics of a buckled graphene nanoribbon with a single kink and with a kink-antikink pair. Several features of φ 4 model have been observed including the kink-antikink capture at low energies, kink-antikink reflection at high energies, and a bounce resonance. Our results pave the way towards the experimental observation of a rich variety of φ 4 model predictions based on graphene. PACS numbers:Currently, there is strong interest in suspended graphene (the graphene above a trench) from both fundamental and application points of view. Fundamentally, the advantages of graphene suspension include the elimination of substrate-induced carrier scattering, dopants and phonon leakage. This provides an access to intrinsic properties of graphene such as the intrinsic carrier mobility Here, we consider a buckled graphene over a trench in a non-standard geometry in which the trench length is much longer than its width. It is assumed that the graphene is relaxed in the direction along the trench and compressed in the transverse direction. Using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations we demonstrate the existence of kinks (see Fig. 1) and antikinks in such buckled graphene -the solutions connecting two minima of potential energy -and investigate some of their properties. To the best of our knowledge, this Letter is the first study of buckled graphene in such configuration. FIG. 1: Graphene kink.Furthermore, we argue that such buckled graphene provides (to the certain extent) an experimental realization of the classical φ 4 field model [12][13][14] in 1+1 dimensions, having applications in the areas of ferroelectrics [15][16][17], linear polymeric chains [18], quantum field theory [19,20], and even nuclear physics [21,22]. This model is based on the dimensionless Lagrangianthat leads to the Euler-Lagrange equation of motion of the formThere are two stable constant solutions of Eq. (2), φ = ±1, and one unstable trivial, φ = 0. Moreover, Eq. (2) has a topologically non-trivial solutionswhere ± signs correspond to the kink and antikink, respectively, V is the velocity, and x 0 is the position of the kink/antikink center at the initial moment of time t = 0.In what follows, we present the details and results of our MD simulations and discuss the similarity between the graphene kinks (exemplified in Fig. 1) and the solutions (3) of Eq. (2). MD simulations are frequently employed to model various physical aspects of graphene, carbone nanotubes and other nanoscale structures [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. In this study, we used NAMD2 [33], a highly scalable massively parallel classical MD code [40]. Specifically, we investigated the dynamics of a graphene nanoribbon (membrane) of L = 425Å length and w ...

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Electromechanical Piezoresistive Sensing in Suspended Graphene Membranes

Cited by 350 publications

References 24 publications

Observation of a giant two-dimensional band-piezoelectric effect on biaxial-strained graphene

Observation of a giant two-dimensional band-piezoelectric effect on biaxial-strained graphene

Elastic properties of suspended multilayer WSe2

Kinks and antikinks of buckled graphene: A testing ground for the φ4 field model

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