Electromagnets for high-flow water processing

Magnetic device simulation modelling and optimisation for scale control

“…1c), for the range from 4 to 5.5 m 3 /h. Lipus, Acko, Hamler: Magnetic Device Simulation Modelling and Optimisation for Scale … For extremely high water-flow capacities, an annular gap and electromagnetic coils are preferable [10]. Fig.…”

“…Therefore, fouling is a frequent technological problem that requires proper scale-prevention treatment. The environmental and economic concerns that arise with traditional chemical treatments are strong motivation for the development of safer and cleaner physical methods, such as the application of permanent magnets [3][4][5][6], electromagnetic coils [7][8][9][10], electrodes [11], ultrasound [12] and catalytic metals [13]. Several operational parameters, e.g.…”

The effect of electromagnetic fields on biofouling in a heat exchange system using seawater

“…Previous experimental studies (Gabrielli et al 2001;Shahryari & Pakshir 2008;Xiaokai 2008;Lipus et al 2011) did not report conclusive results on the use of EMFs for scale control in industrial and domestic systems using freshwater or artificial water. Trueba et al (2014) reported the mitigation of a mature biofilm formed on the internal surfaces of tubes in a heat exchanger-condenser that used seawater as the refrigerant fluid.…”

“…Above 35°C, CaCO 3 precipitates as aragonite. Lipus et al (2011) reported that aragonite from carbonic pure waters is formed above 60°C, whereas from freshwater, where calcite inhibitors (eg Mg 2+ ) are present, aragonite precipitates at lower temperatures (eg 35°C). Aragonite crystals are pseudohexagonal and prismatic with orthorhombic crystal lattices (unequal a, b, c, with all angles rectangular) and form long needles on heated surfaces.…”

“…After the crystallisation process (ie the association of ions and formation of stable nuclei to which other particles can aggregate to form crystals), CaCO 3 forms scale deposits in the solid-liquid interphase which are readily eliminated by the shearing effect of the water circulation (Lipus et al 2011). CaCO 3 is polymorphous (referring to its ability as a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure) and can exist as calcite or aragonite (Xiaokai 2008).…”