“…There are many interesting phenomena in quantum optics and atomic physics, induced by quantum coherence and quantum interference. Examples include electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [1,2,3]], coherent population trapping (CPT) [4], cancelation of spontaneous emission [5], superluminal and subluminal light propagation [6,7], lasing without inversion [8,9], and so on. The effect of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has led to many interesting nonlinear optical phenomena.…”