Electromagnetic Waves emitted on Detonation of Explosives

Kolsky, H.

doi:10.1038/173077a0

Cited by 41 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Although the explosion of cased and uncased charges produce microwave emissions, 56 the emissions are of very short durations (~15 ns). 18 There is also speculation that piezoelectric charge separation in the skull can induce potentially injurious microwave emission in the skull.…”

Section: Microwave Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Injuries from Blast

et al. 2011

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) from blast produces a number of conundrums. This review focuses on five fundamental questions including: (1) What are the physical correlates for blast TBI in humans? (2) Why is there limited evidence of traditional pulmonary injury from blast in current military field epidemiology? (3) What are the primary blast brain injury mechanisms in humans? (4) If TBI can present with clinical symptoms similar to those of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), how do we clinically differentiate blast TBI from PTSD and other psychiatric conditions? (5) How do we scale experimental animal models to human response? The preponderance of the evidence from a combination of clinical practice and experimental models suggests that blast TBI from direct blast exposure occurs on the modern battlefield. Progress has been made in establishing injury risk functions in terms of blast overpressure time histories, and there is strong experimental evidence in animal models that mild brain injuries occur at blast intensities that are similar to the pulmonary injury threshold. Enhanced thoracic protection from ballistic protective body armor likely plays a role in the occurrence of blast TBI by preventing lung injuries at blast intensities that could cause TBI. Principal areas of uncertainty include the need for a more comprehensive injury assessment for mild blast injuries in humans, an improved understanding of blast TBI pathophysiology of blast TBI in animal models and humans, the relationship between clinical manifestations of PTSD and mild TBI from blunt or blast trauma including possible synergistic effects, and scaling between animals models and human exposure to blasts in wartime and terrorist attacks. Experimental methodologies, including location of the animal model relative to the shock or blast source, should be carefully designed to provide a realistic blast experiment with conditions comparable to blasts on humans. If traditional blast scaling is appropriate between species, many reported rodent blast TBI experiments using air shock tubes have blast overpressure conditions that are similar to human long-duration nuclear blasts, not high explosive blasts.

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Section: Microwave Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Injuries from Blast

et al. 2011

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“…Inspection of the bond length data ( Table 2) indicates that certain bonds in the charged systems undergo contraction and elongation as compared to the respective bonds in the neutral form. (2,3,12) 110 109 108 A (2,3,13) 109 109 108 A (4,3,12) 112 113 111 A (4,3,13) 111 111 112 A (12,3,13) 110 111 112 A (1,4,3) 105 104 107 A (1,4,11) 109 109 111 A (1,4,14) 110 109 112 A (3,4,11) 111 111 110 A (3,4,14) 112 113 109 A (11,4,14) 110 111 109 A (1,5,9) 117 122 112 A (1,5,10) 113 114 112 A (9,5,10) 129 (5,1,4,11) 64 65 151 D (5,1,…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Detonations are capable of generating large electromotive forces in external systems [2]. Also, it has been reported that electromagnetic radiation having "video" frequencies to "centimeter waves" accompany detonations [2,3]. All these observations, combined with the rule of classical electromagnetic theory stating that necessarily an electromagnetic wave accompanies to moving charges [4] reveal that abundance of free electrons and positive charges should be generated while a detonation happens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It has been reported long time ago that free electrons exist in combustion flames and detonations [2]. Detonations are capable of generating large electromotive forces in external systems [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Density functional theory calculations for [C2H4N2O6](n) (n=0, +1, −1)

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Erkoç

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Physical Properties of Conventional Explosives Deduced from Radio Frequency Emissions

Harlin

Nemzek

2009

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Los Alamos National Laboratory collected broadband Radio Frequency (RF) electric field change measurements from multiple detonations of High Explosives (HE). Three types of HE were used: small cylinders of Flake lNT, Solid lNT, and PBX-9501. Low frequency signals «80 MHz) were shot-to shot repeatable and occurred within the first 100 microseconds at measured amplitudes of about 2 V 1m at 35 meters distance. High frequency signals (> 290 MHz) occurred later, were an order ofmagnitude lower in signal strength, and were not repeatable. There is a positive correlation between the maximum electric field change and the shock velocity ofthe HE. The amount of free charge produced in the explosion estimated from the first RF pulse is between 10 and 150 JlCoulombs. This implies a weakly ionized plasma with temperatures between 2600 and 2900 K.

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Electromagnetic Waves emitted on Detonation of Explosives

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Brain Injuries from Blast

Brain Injuries from Blast

Density functional theory calculations for [C2H4N2O6](n) (n=0, +1, −1)

Physical Properties of Conventional Explosives Deduced from Radio Frequency Emissions

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