Electromagnetic Response of Material Media

Femtosecond Laser-Induced Nanowelding: Fundamentals and Applications

“…With increasing electron density, the second ionization mechanism, impact ionization can not be avoided. Thus, the time dependence of free electron density is defined by the rate equation [18,25] dn e dt = n e P imp + n a P i ( 1 . 1 9 ) Here n a is the density of neutral atoms, P imp is the probability for ionization by electron impact.…”

“…1 9 ) Here n a is the density of neutral atoms, P imp is the probability for ionization by electron impact. For single ionization [25] these two probabilities can be expressed as…”

A Novel Description of Non-Markovean Relaxation in the Electromagnetic Field-Matter Interaction

“…For instance, Karplus and Schwinger [19,20] have included the full interaction with the external field, H int t, into H eq . Ilinskii and Keldysh [17] have taken the time-independent state imposed by the system±bath interaction alone (pp. 62 to 64), although they also mention the inclusion of field-induced effects into the equilibrium matrix (p. 116) and the relation of the higher-order poles in higher-order susceptibilities to corrections to be made in the equilibrium density matrix (p. 117).…”

“…The density matrix R can be expanded with respect to the complete sets of eigenfunctions of the system, ff n qg, and of the bath, fF N Qg, as [17] RqY QY q…”

Optics in the multipole approximation: from atomic systems to solids

“…Note that in our approach there is no need to distinguish between electric and magnetic " contributions [14]. Higher order moments occur in connection with a spatial derivative of the electric field and contain electric quadruple and magnetic dipole radiation in the same notation.…”