Electromagnetic reprogrammable coding-metasurface holograms

Li, Lianlin; Cui, Tie Jun; Ji, Wei; Liu, Shuo; Ding, Jun; Wan, Xiang; Li, Yun Bo; Jiang, Menghua; Qiu, Cheng‐Wei; Zhang, Shuang

doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00164-9

Cited by 853 publications

(548 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…By fabricating gold nanorods on a stretchable polydimethylsiloxane substrate, multiple distinct holographic images can be switchably displayed, as illustrated in Figure 7h. [198] [198] …”

Section: Wwwadvopticalmatdementioning

confidence: 99%

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Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

115

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elements. Thus, realizing phase manipulation of EM waves at the nanoscale has become a key pursuit for the development of modern optics and nanophotonics.Metamaterials are 3D artificial nanostructures composed of periodic subwavelength unit cells that resonantly couple to the incident EM waves, exhibiting effective electric and magnetic responses not found in nature. [1][2][3] However, these promising potential applications are hindered in their applications due to the challenges of fabricating the required complex 3D nanostructures and the inherent metallic losses and strong dispersion of plasmonic elements at optical frequencies. Planar metamaterials, or so-called metasurfaces, can be fabricated using existing technologies, such as the lithography method and have attracted increasing attention due to their feasibility, low loss, and ease of fabrication. [4,5] The most prominent advantage of metasurfaces is that they can generate spatial phase discontinuities over the full 2π range with an optically thin interface; moreover, the resolution is less than one wavelength. Thus, wavefronts can be shaped with a distance of much less than the wavelength. With the increasing development of metasurfaces, the aforementioned limitations can be solved using various ultrathin optical devices, which have properties superior to their conventional counterparts. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Here, we concentrate on the new capabilities of metasurfaces in recent years in manipulating the phase and propagation behaviors of EM waves. In Section 2, we briefly introduce the underlying mechanisms of three types of phase discontinuities. In Section 3, we review the basic applications of phase modulation using metasurfaces. In Section 4, we review more complex and advanced information photonics that have emerged from metasurfaces. In the last section, we provide concluding remarks and an outlook on future development directions. Three Basic Types of Phase Discontinuities Generated by Metasurfaces Resonance PhaseThe pioneering approach to achieve phase discontinuities was to use the dispersion of various metallic nanoantennas, as shown in the left panel of Figure 1a. The optical energy is coupled to surface EM waves propagating back and forth along the antenna surface. Due to the localized surface plasmon resonance, these waves are accompanied by oscillating free electrons Relative to conventional phase-modulation optical elements, metasurfaces (i.e., 2D versions of metamaterials) have shown novel optical phenomena and promising functionalities with more compact platforms and more straightforward fabrication processes. With the ability to generate a spatial phase variation, optical wavefronts can be manipulated into arbitrary shapes at will, enabling new phenomena and integrated ultrathin optical devices to be explored. This review is focused on recent developments regarding phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves with metasurfaces. Starting from their underlying physics for realizing full 2π phase manipulation, an overview of the applica...

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“…By fabricating gold nanorods on a stretchable polydimethylsiloxane substrate, multiple distinct holographic images can be switchably displayed, as illustrated in Figure 7h. [198] [198] …”

Section: Wwwadvopticalmatdementioning

confidence: 99%

“…b) Measured and simulated backward scattering coefficients of a 2-bit metasurface in the THz range under normal incidence. [198] Copyright 2017, Nature Publishing Group. Reproduced with permission.…”

Section: Programmable Coding Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Based on this principle, reprogrammable microwave holograms have been presented recently with high efficiency, high frame rate, and good image quality, as shown in Fig. 1(e) [18].…”

Section: Tie Jun Cuimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under the illumination of a feeding antenna, the metasurface hologram can successively project different holographic images. Adapted from [18] with the permission of Nature Publishing Group.…”

Section: Tie Jun Cuimentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave metamaterials

Cui

2017

National Science Review

160

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“…As a result, it has more potential applications since it can work in a wider bandwidth [9][10][11]. These electronically-controlled digital reflective metasurfaces have been proposed for different practical applications such as tunable absorbers, reconfigurable antennas, EM wave modulators, tunable chiral metamaterials, reprogrammable hologram, and so on [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of 1-Bit Digital Reconfigurable Reflective Metasurface for Beam-Scanning

Tian

Liu

2017

Applied Sciences

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A 1-bit digital reconfigurable reflective metasurface (RRM) with 20 × 20 cells is presented, fabricated and measured for beam-scanning performance in this paper. The cell is designed with a single layer structure and one varactor diode, controlled electronically. The cell's phase compensation is over 180 • between 3 GHz and 4 GHz and the two states with 180 • phase difference are selected as coding "0" and coding "1". By the fuzzy quantification theory, all the elements on the RRM are set to be coding "0" or coding "1" according to the phase compensation calculated by MATLAB. Furthermore, by changing the coding of the RRM, it can achieve beam-scanning. The simulation results show that the beam-scanning range is over ±60 • . The RRM prototype is fabricated and experimentally tested for principle. The gain of the RRM is 18 dB and the 3 dB bandwidth is about 16.6%. The 1-bit digital RRM is preferred in practical implementations due to less error and much easier bias voltage control. The proposed RRM successfully balances the performance and system complexity, especially in the large-scale antenna designs. The experimental and simulated results are in good agreement to prove the correctness and feasibility of the design of the 1-bit digital RRM.

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Electromagnetic reprogrammable coding-metasurface holograms

Cited by 853 publications

References 40 publications

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Microwave metamaterials

Design of 1-Bit Digital Reconfigurable Reflective Metasurface for Beam-Scanning

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